test 4 lec 25 Flashcards
methanotrophy is a form of
methylotrophy
what is the simplest form of methanogenesis
hydrogen reduction of CO2
other than H2 are there strong inorganic substrates electron donors
no they are poor electron donors
what are some characteristics of acidithiobacillus
oxidizes sulfides of iron and copper
lithotrophs
dissolves metal from rock
what are nitrifiers
bacteria that generate nitrites and nitrates
what bacteria is used for iron oxidation
acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
what bacteria is used for commercial minning
acidithiobacillus ferroxidans
how are metal ions oxidized outside of the cell
the electrons are collected from iron outside by an outer membrane cytochrome C associated with a periplasmic protein called rusticyanin
excludes toxic metal from cell
reduced metal ions provide energy through
oxidation by O2 or NO3-
nearly all lithotrophs are what type of organism
bacteria and archaea
each type of electron donor requires what
a specialized electron accepting oxidoreductase
mathanogenesis is unique to
archaea
what are obligate lithotrophs
oxidize only inorganic molecules
what is dehalorespiration
form of hydrogenotrophy
some anaerobes can use halogenated hydrocarbons as TEA for energy conservation
what lithotrophy
the acquisition of energy by oxidation of inorganic electron donors
what bacteria oxidizes ferrous sulfide with ferric iron and water
archaeon ferroplasma
what do cofactors do in methanogenesis biochemical pathways
transfer hydrogens and increasingly reduced carbon to each enzyme in the pathway
ponds with shifting anaerobic and aerobic environment what does it host
metal oxidizing lithotrophs and metal reducing anaerobic heterotrophs
what is the function of the enzyme in the anammoxosomal membrane
reduces nitrite to nitric oxide and H2O
what archaea oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid and grow at a pH 2
sulfolbus spp
hydrogentrophy is also important for
methanogenesis
ammonia/ammonium and nitrite are kind of electron donors
poor
what is anammox reaction
anaerobic ammonium oxidation using NO2- as a TEA
supports growth of bacteria with high ammonium and low oxygen
reduced metal ions generate what
metal ions with higher oxidation states which other bacteria use for anaerobic respiration
removal of electrons from Fe2+ requires what
input of energy, which compensated by the larger yield of energy from reducing O2 to H2O
what are ladderanes
ladder shaped lipids in the anammoxosome membrane
what is the end product of sulfur oxidation
sulfuric acid which dissociates to produce an extremely high H+ concentration
what conducts annamox
plantomycetes
irregularly shaped bacteria
function of hydrazine
further oxidize to N2 then protons are released which drives ATP synthase
what is methylotrophy
oxidation of a single carbon molecules via an ETS
what is an anammoxosome
central compartment of planctomycetes
what is nitrogen oxidation
go from ammonium to nitric acid (nitrate)
what happens when sulfur oxidation occurs in presence of iron
environmental acidification
eroding structures
how can ammonium yield energy
through oxidation by nitirite produced from nitrate respiration
what is hydrogentrophy
use of molecular hydrogen as an electron donor
what are methanotrophs
prokaryotes that oxidize methane with a TEA such as O2, nitrate or sulfate
what is leaching
process of metal dissolution from ores
what are major sources of lithotrophic electron donors
minerals containing reduced sulfur
why is H2 difficult to characterize
inorganic, oxidation by O2 is considered lithotrophy byt many species that oxidize H2 with molecular oxygen are organotrophs
reduce organic electron acceptor considered fermentation or anaerobic respiration
what does hydrazine synthase do
catalyzes NO reduction by NH4+ to form hydrazine
