test 3 lecture 15

Question 1

what are restriction endonucleases

Answer 1

cleave DNA at specific recognition sites

Question 2

what ends do restriction endonucleases create

Answer 2

blunt or staggered

Question 3

where do restriction endonucleases clip

Answer 3

phosphodiester bond

Question 4

what do bacteria use restriction endonucleases for

Answer 4

clip foreign DNA of invading plasmids or bacteriophage

Question 5

what are genome clone libraries

Answer 5

contain all the genes in an organisms chromosome

Question 6

what is a shuttle vector

Answer 6

a plasmid that contains a replication origin comparable with e coli and a second origin that will allow the plasmid to replicated in an unrelated bacterial species

Question 7

what polymerase is used in pcr

Answer 7

extremophiles

thermus aquaticus

Question 8

what is genome sequencing

Answer 8

sequencing of a single genome

Question 9

what is metagenomics

Answer 9

sequencing of multiple genomes

Question 10

what is trascriptomics or metatranscriptomics

Answer 10

sequencing of cDNA from a single organism or multiple organisms

Question 11

bioinformatics

Answer 11

comparing genes of different species

Question 12

annotation

Answer 12

deciphering DNA sequences, including identifying genes and predicting gene function

Question 13

what do you need for annotation

Answer 13

computer program that looks for algorithims

Question 14

what are open reading frames (ORF)

Answer 14

sequence of DNA that encodes an actual polypeptidw

Question 15

what algorithm patterns are they looking for

Answer 15

start and stop codons
promoters
ribosome binding sites

Question 16

what is computer used for once found ORF

Answer 16

go to worldwide database and compare finding to documented organism

Question 17

how do you identify regulatory seq such as rRNA and tRNA

Answer 17

phylogenetic distances

Question 18

what are homologous genes

Answer 18

genes that have likely evolved from a common ancestral gene

Question 19

what are orthologous gene

Answer 19

genes duplicated via appearance of a new species

have identical function in different organisms

Question 20

what are paralogous genes

Answer 20

genes duplicate within species

evolve to carry out new function in a cell

Question 21

what does identity mean

Answer 21

the same amino acid is shared among compared sequences

Question 22

what does similarity mean

Answer 22

chemically related amino acids are substituted among compared sequences
may see differences in function

Question 23

what is a metagenome

Answer 23

the sum total of “all” DNA sequenced from an environmental sample, industry sample, an enrichment culture, etc