test 3 lecture 17

Question 1

how are microbial species defined for eukaryotes

Answer 1

members of different species do not normally interbreed

Question 2

how are microbial species defined for archaea and bacteria

Answer 2

reproduce asexually so interbreeding is not a basis for classification and there can be horizontal gene transfer

Question 3

what do microbiologists accept for defining species

Answer 3

phylogeny and ecology

Question 4

what is ecological niche

Answer 4

a species should include individuals that share common traits and ecological niche or ecotype
such as cell shape, nutritional reqs, common habitat, common life history

Question 5

what is phylogenic relatedness

Answer 5

a species is a group of individuals that share relatedness of a key set of “housekeeping genes”

Question 6

what are “housekeeping genes”

Answer 6

informational gens such as ribosomal and transcriptional components
should be orthologs

Question 7

what is a pangenome

Answer 7

the theoretical total
genes present in all sequenced genomes of a species
core genome accessory genes

Question 8

taxonomy

Answer 8

the description of distinct life forms and their organization into different categories with shared traits

Question 9

classification

Answer 9

the recognition of different classes of life

Question 10

nomenclature

Answer 10

the naming of different classes

Question 11

identifications

Answer 11

the recognition of the class of a given microbe isolated in pure culture

Question 12

what does emerging mean

Answer 12

an organism recently discovered or described

Question 13

what is a phylum

Answer 13

a group of bacteria sharing a common ancestor that diverged early from other bacteria, based on the SSU rRNA

Question 14

what is practical identification

Answer 14

based on a combination of phylogenetic and phenetic traits

Question 15

what are some common traits of bacteria

Answer 15

rna polymerase
rRNA
translation factors

Question 16

what is in a bacterial cell wall and not archaea and eukaryotes

Answer 16

peptidoglycan

Question 17

what antibiotics target cell wall

Answer 17

vancomycin and penicillin

Question 18

proteobacteria share what common structure

Answer 18

gram neg cell envelope

Question 19

what does the gram neg cell envelope consist of

Answer 19

outer membrane
cell wall
inner cell membrane

Question 20

how many classes are in proteobacteria

Answer 20

5

Question 21

what are photoheterotrophs

Answer 21

capable of light supplemented heterotrophy

Question 22

alphaproteobacteria consist of

Answer 22

photoheterotrophs
aquatic and soil oligotrophs
methylotrophs and methanotrophs
endosymbionts

Question 23

what is special about aquatic and soil oligotrophs of alpha group

Answer 23

adapt to low nutrient concentrations
unusual extended shapes for nutrient uptake
some are pathogens

Question 24

what are methylotrophs

Answer 24

oxidize reduced single carbon compounds such as methanol

can grow on single carbon and organic molecules

Question 25

what are methanotrophs

Answer 25

methylotrophs that grow solely on methane

Question 26

what are ensymbionts

Answer 26

organism that lives inside another organism

Question 27

endosymboints of plants in alpha group fix what

Answer 27

nitrogen

Question 28

betaproteobacteria consist of what

Answer 28

photoheterotrophs
lithotrophs
pathogens

Question 29

what phototrophs are in beta group

Answer 29

rhodocyclus

Question 30

what are lithotrophs

Answer 30

an organism that oxidizes inorganic compounds to yield energy

Question 31

what ex of lithotrophs are in the beta group

Answer 31

nitrifiers
sulfur oxidizers
iron oxidizers

Question 32

what pathogens are in the beta group

Answer 32

neisseria gonorrhoeae
burkholderia cepacia (lungs)