Test 4 - HIV Medications (Josh) Flashcards
HIV causes a weakened immune system by killing which type of cells?
CD4 T Lymphocytes
HIV causes a weakened immune system by killing which type of cells?
CD4 T Lymphocytes
True or False: HIV puts patients at increased risk for certain cancers.
True
What CD4 T-cell count is needed for an HIV patient to be calcified as AIDS?
Below 200
What CD4 T-cell count is needed for an HIV patient to be calcified as AIDS?
Below 200
True or False: HIV puts patients at increased risk for certain cancers.
True
What is the technical definition of AIDS?
A syndrome in which the individual is HIV positive and has either
(1) CD4 T-cell counts below 200 cells/mL
or
(2) an AIDS-defining illness
What CD4 T-cell count is needed for an HIV patient to be calcified as AIDS?
Below 200
True or False: Patients compliant with ART can become noncontagious.
False
- there is no cure for HIV and clients are still contagious
Today, standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of how many drugs?
3 or 4
- often called HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)
What does HAART mean?
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
True or False: Current drug therapy can decrease plasma HIV to levels that are undetectable with current technology
True
True or False: Patients compliant with ART can become noncontagious.
False
- there is no cure for HIV and clients are still contagious
HIV is a retrovirus. What do retroviruses lack?
they lack the machinery needed for SELF-REPLICATION
therefore they are obligate intracellular viruses
Why is it essential that clients be treated with a combination of antiretroviral drugs?
To minimize the emergence of resistance due to the fact that their are so many virus cells in the body in initial stage (and the more cells, the more likely one will be resistant)
Which type of HIV is most common in the USA?
HIV-1
What are the signs and symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome?
- Fever
- Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
- pharyngitis
- rash
- myalgia
- headache
What is the name for the initial stage when the virus replication is massive?
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
Why is it essential that clients be treated with a combination of antiretroviral drugs?
To minimize the emergence of resistance due to the fact that their are so many virus cells in the body in initial stage (and the more cells, the more likely one will be resistant)
Types of Antiretroviral Drugs:
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs & NNRTIs)
- Integrate Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
- Protease Inhibitors (PI)
- Fusion Inhibitors
- Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Antagonists
What are the signs and symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome?
- Fever
- Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
- pharyngitis
- rash
- myalgia
- headache
The average duration that people with HIV are asymptomatic is _______ years.
10 years
At this time we have _______ types of antiretroviral drugs.
5
Types of Antiretroviral Drugs:
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Integrate Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
- Protease Inhibitors
- Fusion Inhibitors
- Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Antagonists
MOA: Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Interfere with HIV DNA replication. These do this by either binding to the DNA strand and causing premature termination, or binding to the enzyme that is building the DNA strand
What are five major adverse effects of the protease inhibitors?
- Hyperglycemia/Diabetes
- Fat Redistribution (central obesity but wasting of fat in the face)
- Hyperlipidemia
- Increased Bleeding (in people w/ hemophilia)
- Reduced Bone Marrow Density
- Elevation of serum Transaminases
Most patients take two _______ combined with either a _______ or _______.
NRTIs
PI or NNRTI
MOA: Fusion Inhibitors & CCR5 Antagonists
block HIV from entering CD4T cells.
Which antiretroviral were the first used and remain the backbone of therapy today?
NRTIs (Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
What are five major adverse effects of the protease inhibitors?
- Hyperglycemia/Diabetes
- Fat Redistribution (similar to Cushing’s)
- Hyperlipidemia
- Increased Bleeding (in people w/ hemophilia)
- Reduced Bone Marrow Density
- Elevation of serum Transaminases
Most patients take two _______ combined with either a _______ or _______.
NRTIs
PI or NNRTI
Which lab test is a major factor in deciding when to initiate retroviral therapy and when to change the drug regiment?
CD4 Count
Which lab test is the best measurement available for predicting clinical outcomes?
HIV RNA
The goal of therapy is to decrease HIV RNA plasma levels to below what value?
20-75 copies/mL of plasma
True or False: When a client’s plasma HIV RNA is undetectable, they can still transmit HIV to other people.
True
When zidovudine is given IV to the mother during labor and delivery, and then IV or PO to the infant, the rate of HIV transmission is _________________________.
Essentially zero
Oral preexposure prophylaxis can reduce infection risk by _______________.
44-73%
When should postexposure prophylaxis be initiated?
ASAP, preferably within 1-2 hours and no later than 72 hours
In the absence of antiretroviral drugs, the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States is _______%.
25%
When zidovudine is given IV to the mother during labor and delivery, and then IV or PO to the infant, the rate of HIV transmission is _________________________.
Essentially zero
