Test 2 - Overview of Diabetes (Josh)

Question 1

Sugar goes to the —-, which releases ——-, which serves as the key to open —– —– so —– can enter.

Answer 1

pancreas
insulin
muscle cells
sugar

Question 2

Most accurate lab value for diabetes is —-

Answer 2

HgbA1c

> 6.5% = diabetes

Question 3

A RBC lives approximately —- months.

Answer 3

3

Question 4

How often should blood sugar be monitored during pregnancy?

Answer 4

6-7 x’s day

Question 5

DOC for diabetics during pregnancy?

Answer 5

insulin (even if they take a diff. diabetic med when not pregnant)

Question 6

Diabetes is managed by what three factors:

Answer 6

• Diet/Physical Activity
• Oral (non-insulin) meds
• Insulin

Question 7

Exercise and diet can reduce T2DM by —–

Answer 7

60%

Question 8

How many types of insulin are there?

Answer 8

7

Question 9

Types of Diabets:

Answer 9

T1DM

T2DM

Question 10

Which type of diabetes is most common?

Least common?

Answer 10

T2DM (95% of cases)

T1DM (5% of cases)

Question 11

—— is actually an autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of —- cells.

Answer 11

T1DM

Beta cells

Question 12

DKA means —- —– —– and is most commonly associated with which type?

Answer 12

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

T1DM

Question 13

—– is common in Peds and results in ketones in blood (acidosis).

Answer 13

DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)

Question 14

Which type of diabetes results in a distinct breath odor?

Answer 14

T1DM due to the DKA

breath will smell fruity or like nail polish remover

Question 15

HHNS means —– and is most common w/ which type of diabetes?

Answer 15

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketonic syndrome

blood sugar is high, but there are no ketones in blood (it’s not acidic)

Question 16

Diabetes is the number one cause of —— in America. This is an example of a — —- complication.

Answer 16

blindness

long-term

Question 17

Sensory Neuropathy is a — —- complication of diabetes. How is it determined?

Answer 17

long-term

early sign is a loss of sense of vibration in periphery

Question 18

Diabetes Mellitus is derived from the Greek word for —– and the Latin word for —–.

Answer 18

fountain

honey

Question 19

What is the primary defect in TIDM?

Answer 19

destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 20

What are the principle short term consequences of diabetes?

Answer 20

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Question 21

—— develops when HYPERglycemia becomes severe and is allowed to persist.

Answer 21

Ketoacidosis

Question 22

—— is the leading cause of death amongst people w/ diabetes.

Answer 22

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Question 23

What causes vascular damage in diabetics?

Answer 23

basement membranes of capillaries thickens, causing blood flow in these narrow vessels to fall

Question 24

The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is —–.

Answer 24

diabetic damage to kidneys

requires dialysis

Question 25

Insulin resistance and inappropriate insulin secretion is the primary defect of —-

Answer 25

T2DM

Question 26

Blood glucose levels of —– clients are typically more stable than —– clients

Answer 26

T2DM

T1DM

Question 27

Symptoms of T1DM

Answer 27

• polyurea
• polydipsia
• polyphagia
• weight loss

Question 28

Why does blood thicken w/ DKA and HHNS?

Answer 28

large amounts of glucose are excreted in urine, carrying a large vol. of water with it

This increases the hematocrit (b/c blood vol. falls) and the blood becomes very viscus

Question 29

How is DKA diff. from HHNS?

Answer 29

1) DKA has ketones (so it has sweet smell in urine and breath)
2) DKA is mainly T1DM while HHNS is T2DM

Question 30

S/S of HYPOglycemia:

Answer 30

• sweating
• hunger
• fainting, fatigue, or lightheadedness
• n/v

sympathetic stuff (anxiety, blurred vision, etc)

Question 31

Why do Beta Blockers mask hypoglycemia?

Answer 31

b/c the initial signs of hypoglycema are sympathetic stuff (sweating, blurred vision, shaky, etc.)

beta blockers block adrenergic receptors, preventing these things from happening

Question 32

Fasting Plasma Glucose greater than or equal to —- means diabetes.

Answer 32

126 mg/dL

Question 33

Casual Plasma Glucose greater than or equal to ——— means diabetes.

Answer 33

200 mg/dL

WHEN accompanied w/ other signs/symptoms of diabetes

Question 34

Casual Plasma Glucose means…

Answer 34

testing at any time of day without regard to meals

Question 35

HgbA1c measures ——.

Answer 35

blood glucose over 2-3 months

thus if it’s high, we know that it’s been high for a while (ie: we KNOW they have diabetes

> or = to 6.5% means diabetes

Question 36

Which blood test is the most reliable over a 2-3 month span?

Answer 36

HgbA1c

Question 37

What is the only exceptable oral medication for diabetes while pregnant?

Answer 37

Metformin

(normally oral meds must be discontinued and only take insulin while pregnant; oral meds can be continued after pregnancy ends)

Question 38

Why are oral medications better for T2DM?

Answer 38

because the problem w/ T1DM is they have NO insulin…thus insulin is the only thing that can work with them

Question 39

Which cells in the body produce insulin?

Answer 39

Pancreatic Beta cells

they are destroyed in T1DM, which is why T1DM clients require insulin injections instead of PO meds that only decrease glucose from rising