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MicroBio > Test 4 Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Test 4 Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Doesn’t let anything between cells

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2
Q

Desmosomes

A

Strong, but flexible junctions

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3
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow small molecules (ions) to go directly between cells

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4
Q

Skin as a barrier

A

Multilayered. Surface dry and salty. Not favorable environment usually

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5
Q

Epidermis

A

Most external layer of skin. Dead keratinized cells. Dry, salty, and acidic.

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6
Q

Exfoliation

A

Sluff off the outer most layer of skin

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7
Q

Dermis

A

Depp to the epidermis. Connective tissue

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8
Q

Hypodermis

A

Deep to the dermis. Adipose tissue. Subcutaneous layer

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9
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mucus, Epithelium, basement membrane. Line passageways exposed to outside world.

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10
Q

Mucociliary Escalator

A

Trachea to the respiratory tract. Mucus cells and glands. Cilia propel mucus to the pharynx.

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11
Q

Digestive Tract Barrier

A

Lined by Mucous membrane. Numerous Goblet Cells - Produce Mucous.

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12
Q

Peristalsis

A

Oral to anal propulsion of ingested material. Moves mucus and ingesta through tract.

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13
Q

endothelia

A

Lines urogenital tract. blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Brain is a protected site. Endothelial cells of these blood vessels are specialized.

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15
Q

Crying

A

Tears physically wash the eyes

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16
Q

Urination

A

Washes away pathogens

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17
Q

Defecation

A

Removes pathogens, mucus, non-digestible food.

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18
Q

Microbiome

A

Normal resident microbiota in select locations. Compete for space and nutrients. Inhibit growth of primary and opportunistic pathogens.

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19
Q

Sebum

A

Has antimicrobial proteins, excreted from sebaceous glands

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20
Q

Earwax

A

Antimicrobial Proteins

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21
Q

Saliva

A

Antimicrobial proteins, non-specific proteins and some antibodies

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22
Q

Tears

A

Antimicrobial proteins, non-specific proteins and some antibodies

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23
Q

Mucus

A

Very sticky

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24
Q

Gastric Fluid

A

Hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach. pH 2 extremely acidic

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25
Q

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPS)

A

Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial properties.

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26
Q

Bacteriocins

A

Disrupt membranes

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27
Q

Defensins

A

Disrupt Membranes

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28
Q

Dermcidin

A

Disrupts membrane integrity and ion channels

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29
Q

Acute-Phase Proteins

A

Produced early in an infection. Produced mainly by the liver

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30
Q

C-Reactive Protein

A

Opsonization

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31
Q

Ferritin and Transferrin

A

Bind and sequester iron

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32
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Clotting Protein

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33
Q

Mannose-Binding Lectin

A

Activates complement system

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34
Q

Classic Pathway

A

First pathway discovered, involves antibodies, plays a role in adaptive immunity.

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35
Q

Activation of Classic Pathway

A

Antibody binds antigen and antibody, changes shape exposing C1 binding site. C1 binds to antibody and is activated.

36
Q

Result of C1 binding to antibody

A

Activation of C2 and C4. Portions of C2 and C4 combine to form an enzyme to activate C3. C3 -> C3a and C3b

37
Q

Alternative Pathway

A

Innate immunity. Less efficient that the classic pathway.

38
Q

Alternative Pathway Activation

A

Activated spontaneously. Activates C3 -> C3a and C3b. when microbes are present they bind to and stabilize C3b

39
Q

Lectin Pathway

A

Innate Immunity. Mannose-Binding lectin binds to mannose on microbial surface.

40
Q

Mannose binding leads to (lectin pathway)

A

Triggers activation of C2 and C4. Portions of C2 and C4 combine to form an enzyme to activate C3. C3-> C3a and C3b

41
Q

C3a Function

A

Inflammation

42
Q

C3b Function

A

Opsonization and activation of C5 -> C5a and C5b

43
Q

C5a Function

A

Chemotaxis - coordinates immune cells

44
Q

C5b Function

A

Combines with C6, C7, C8, and C9 forming a membrane attack complex. Makes holes in bacterium

45
Q

Autocrine

A

Cells talk to itself and the same type of cell

46
Q

Paracrine

A

Nearby, but different cell types

47
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones, chemicals in the blood for intracellular communication.

48
Q

Interleukins

A

Not only produced by white blood cells. Involved in almost all aspects of the immune system. Non-immune functions too.

49
Q

Chemokines

A

Guide cells to a destination. Chemotactic factors. Recruit leyukocytes

50
Q

Type 1 Interferons

A

Interferon-Alpha/Beta. Secreted by virally infected cells. Stimulate close cells to decrease mRNA synthesis, Destroy RNA, and reduce translation. Stimulate immune cells to be more aggressive.

51
Q

Type 2 Interferons

A

Interferon-Gamma. Activates various immune cells

52
Q

Histamine

A

Secreted by basophiles and mast cells

53
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Secreted by white blood cells

54
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Lots of different things some cause inflammation.

55
Q

Bradykinin

A

Inflammation and pain

56
Q

Neutrophils

A

Chief enemy of bacteria (kills everything). Granules contains defensins and hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes). Contributor to purulent exudate (pus)

57
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

A

Kind of contains damage

58
Q

Eosinophils

A

Responds to Protozoa and helminths (parasites). Associated with allergy reactions.

59
Q

Basophils

A

Pro-Inflammatory, blood and migrate to tissue.

60
Q

Histamine

A

Basophil type. Stimulates inflammation. Vasodilator, brings blood to area

61
Q

Heparin

A

Basophil type. Anticoagulant. Need to clot a little but not a lot

62
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

A

Non-Specific, elegant killers. Secret perforins which make small holes in target cells. Send Granzymes into the cell which apoptosis in cell. Target cancer and virally infected cells.

63
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

A

Located on cells. ID tags for your cells. prevents NKC from killing

64
Q

Monocytes

A

Leave the bloodstream and differentiate.

65
Q

Macrophages

A

A kind of monocyte. Fixed macrophages live in specific tissue

66
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

A kind of monocyte. found on skin and mucous membranes.

67
Q

Diapedesis

A

How white blood cells squeeze between endothelial cells.

68
Q

Pathogen-Associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Peptidoglycan. Flagellin. LPS

69
Q

Flagellin

A

Protein that makes the bacteria flagella

70
Q

LPS

A

Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

71
Q

Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)

A

A type of pattern recognition receptor. Found on phagocytic cells. Binds to PAMPs.

72
Q

Adhesion

A

Phagocytic cell sticks to pathogen

73
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a phagocytic cell internalizes a pathogen. process forms a phagosome.

74
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Form when a lysosome fuses with a phagosome. Lysosomes contain various reactive oxygen species and digestive enzymes

75
Q

Fina step of Phagocytosis

A

Degradation of phagocytized material. Exocytosis of undigested waste. Antigen presentation

76
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

Develops quick and is short lived. Is typically beneficial. Is important to innate immunity.

77
Q

Acute Inflammation Results

A

Dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels. Migration of phagocytes. Tissue Repair. Contain Damage.

78
Q

Four Cardinal Signs/Symptoms of Inflammation

A

Redness, more blood, histamine.

Swelling, more permeability, histamine.

Heat, More blood.

Pain, From damage.

79
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Can continue for months or years. May have formation of granulomas. Tissue damage and degeneration

80
Q

Why does inflammation become chronic?

A

Damage cannot be repaired or fixed, or nothing is telling the inflammation response to stop.

81
Q

What part of the brain is the thermostat?

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

What temperature is bad?

A

> 102.5

83
Q

What causes fever?

A

Pyrogens. LPS, interleukins, Interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, and prostaglandin E-2.

84
Q

Crisis phase

A

when the fever breaks

85
Q

Positives of Fever

A

Enhances innate response - Macrophages eat more. Inhibits growth of some viruses and bacteria. Increase metabolic rate of speed healing. Interferons work better during fever.

MicroBio (17 decks)

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