Test 2 Study Guide Stuff

Question 1

Anabolism

Answer 1

Building reactions. Something smaller to bigger. Amino Acids - > Proteins

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

the sum of all chemical reactions occuring in a cell

Question 2

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 2

Something large to small. Delta G less than 0. Reactants high

Question 3

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 3

Delta G Greater than 0. Products high.

Question 4

Autotrophs

Answer 4

Can convert CO2 (inorganic) into Organic Carbon (carbohydrate sugars).
Auto Self they get carbon from themselves

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

Cannot exist without autotrophs. Rely on organic carbon for nutrients. Hetero - others - get carbon from others. Humans are heterotrophs.

Question 6

Phototrophs

Answer 6

Energy from electron transfer from light.

Question 7

Chemotrophs

Answer 7

Energy for electron transfer comes from breaking chemical bonds.

Question 8

Organotrophs

Answer 8

Source of energy is from organic compounds. Humans are organotrophs.

Question 9

Lithotrophs

Answer 9

Source of energy is from high energy minerals.

Question 10

ATP

Answer 10

Energy Currency. When phosphate bonds are broken they release phosphate and energy used for endergonic reactions

Question 11

Apoenzyme

Answer 11

Missing its cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive.

Question 12

Holoenzyme

Answer 12

Fully active enzyme

Question 13

Coenzyme

Answer 13

Organic molecules (vitamins) which active an enzyme

Question 14

Cofactor

Answer 14

Inorganic ion which assists enzyme (zinc)

Question 15

Glycolysis INPUTS

Answer 15

Glucose

Question 16

Glycolysis OUTPUT

Answer 16

2 Pyruvate 2 NADH (reduced) 2 Net ATP

Question 17

Glycolysis location in Prokaryotes

Answer 17

Cytosol

Question 18

Glycolysis location in Eukaryotes

Answer 18

Cytosol

Question 19

Transition Reaction INPUT

Answer 19

2 Pyruvate molecules

Question 20

Transition Reaction OUTPUT

Answer 20

2 NADH (Reduced), 2 CO2, 2 acetyl Co-a

Question 21

Transition Reaction location in Prokaryotes

Answer 21

Cytosol

Question 22

Transition Reaction location in Eukaryotes

Answer 22

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 23

Citric Acid Cycle Total (2 turns) INPUT

Answer 23

2 aceytl-CoA

Question 24

Citric Acid Cycle Total (2 turns) OUTPUT

Answer 24

6 NADH (reduced), 2 FADH2 (reduced), 2 ATP.

Question 25

Citric Acid Cycle location in Eukaryotes

Answer 25

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 26

Citric Acid Cycle location in Prokaryotes

Answer 26

Cytosol

Question 27

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) INPUT

Answer 27

10 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 28

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) OUTPUT

Answer 28

10 NAD+ (oxidized), 2 FAD (oxidized), Proton Gradient

Question 29

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) location in Eukaryotes

Answer 29

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Question 30

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) location in Prokaryotes

Answer 30

Plasma Membrane

Question 31

Chemiosmosis INPUT

Answer 31

Proton Gradient

Question 32

Chemiosmosis OUTPUT

Answer 32

34 ATP

Question 33

Chemiosmosis Location in Eukaryotes

Answer 33

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Question 34

Chemiosmosis Location in Prokaryotes

Answer 34

Plasma Membrane

Question 35

Anaerobic Respiration Theoretical Range Yield ATP. And why Range

Answer 35

2-34 ATP Range. Depends on what the final electron acceptor is.

Question 36

Aerobic Respiration theoretical yield. Final Electron Acceptor is?

Answer 36

38 ATP. Oxygen is acceptor

Question 37

Proton Motive Force, what’s the H+ doing?

Answer 37

Proton motive force moves all the H+ to outside the cytoplasmic membrane. The H+ wants to move from high concentration to low concentration. It does this by passing though the ATP synthase and as it does ADP is converted to ATP.

Question 38

Fermentation Glycolysis

Answer 38

1 glucose -> 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvates. NADH oxidized back to NAD+ repeat. Makes 2 ATP per glucose.

Question 39

Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation

Answer 39

Pyruvate + NADH <-> Lactic Acid + NAD+

Question 40

Lipid Catabolism

Answer 40

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed to glycerol and free fatty acids. Fatty Acids are catabolized by Beta Oxidation.

Question 41

Beta-Oxidation

Answer 41

Frees 2-carbon acetyl groups and reduces NAD+ and FAD. Acetyl groups move to krebs cycle.

Question 42

Protein Catabolism

Answer 42

Proteins are hydrolyzed by extracellular proteases. The product is then hydrolyzed by intracellular proteases to amino acids. Amino Acids are deaminated and enter transition reaction or Kreb’s cycle

Question 43

Calvin Benson Cycle Steps in Order

Answer 43

1. Fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration

Question 44

Calvin Benson Cycle - Fixation

Answer 44

Enzyme RuBisCo catalyzes addition of a CO2 to RuBP

Question 45

Calvin Benson Cycle - Reduction

Answer 45

Six molecules of both ATP and NADPH are used to generate Glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte (G3P) which is used to build glucose.

Question 46

Calvin Benson Cycle - Regeneration

Answer 46

Some G3P is used to regenerate RuBP and the cycle continues

Question 47

Carbon Cycle

Answer 47

Occurs between Autotrophs (CO2 -> carbs) and heterotrophs (produce CO2). Hetero produce CO2 via cellular respiration or fermentation. Autotrophs uses CO2 to fix carbon.

Question 48

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 48

Prokaryotes incorporate N2 into Macromolecules. Takes organic nitrogen back to N2 in three steps. Ammonification (convert nitrogenous waste to NH3)-> Nitrification (Oxidize nitrite to nitrate) -> Denitrification (uses nitrate as a terminal electron receptor to produce N2 and release into environment).

Question 49

Sulfur Cycle

Answer 49

Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and chemoautotrophic bacteria use H2S as an electron donor oxidizing it to sulfate
Bacteria and plants use SO42- as a sulfur source