Test 2 Study Guide Stuff Flashcards
Anabolism
Building reactions. Something smaller to bigger. Amino Acids - > Proteins
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions occuring in a cell
Exergonic Reaction
Something large to small. Delta G less than 0. Reactants high
Endergonic Reaction
Delta G Greater than 0. Products high.
Autotrophs
Can convert CO2 (inorganic) into Organic Carbon (carbohydrate sugars).
Auto Self they get carbon from themselves
Heterotrophs
Cannot exist without autotrophs. Rely on organic carbon for nutrients. Hetero - others - get carbon from others. Humans are heterotrophs.
Phototrophs
Energy from electron transfer from light.
Chemotrophs
Energy for electron transfer comes from breaking chemical bonds.
Organotrophs
Source of energy is from organic compounds. Humans are organotrophs.
Lithotrophs
Source of energy is from high energy minerals.
ATP
Energy Currency. When phosphate bonds are broken they release phosphate and energy used for endergonic reactions
Apoenzyme
Missing its cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive.
Holoenzyme
Fully active enzyme
Coenzyme
Organic molecules (vitamins) which active an enzyme
Cofactor
Inorganic ion which assists enzyme (zinc)
Glycolysis INPUTS
Glucose
Glycolysis OUTPUT
2 Pyruvate 2 NADH (reduced) 2 Net ATP
Glycolysis location in Prokaryotes
Cytosol
Glycolysis location in Eukaryotes
Cytosol
Transition Reaction INPUT
2 Pyruvate molecules
Transition Reaction OUTPUT
2 NADH (Reduced), 2 CO2, 2 acetyl Co-a
Transition Reaction location in Prokaryotes
Cytosol
Transition Reaction location in Eukaryotes
Mitochondrial Matrix
Citric Acid Cycle Total (2 turns) INPUT
2 aceytl-CoA
Citric Acid Cycle Total (2 turns) OUTPUT
6 NADH (reduced), 2 FADH2 (reduced), 2 ATP.
Citric Acid Cycle location in Eukaryotes
Mitochondrial Matrix
Citric Acid Cycle location in Prokaryotes
Cytosol
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) INPUT
10 NADH, 2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) OUTPUT
10 NAD+ (oxidized), 2 FAD (oxidized), Proton Gradient
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) location in Eukaryotes
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) location in Prokaryotes
Plasma Membrane
Chemiosmosis INPUT
Proton Gradient
Chemiosmosis OUTPUT
34 ATP
Chemiosmosis Location in Eukaryotes
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Chemiosmosis Location in Prokaryotes
Plasma Membrane
Anaerobic Respiration Theoretical Range Yield ATP. And why Range
2-34 ATP Range. Depends on what the final electron acceptor is.
Aerobic Respiration theoretical yield. Final Electron Acceptor is?
38 ATP. Oxygen is acceptor
Proton Motive Force, what’s the H+ doing?
Proton motive force moves all the H+ to outside the cytoplasmic membrane. The H+ wants to move from high concentration to low concentration. It does this by passing though the ATP synthase and as it does ADP is converted to ATP.
Fermentation Glycolysis
1 glucose -> 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvates. NADH oxidized back to NAD+ repeat. Makes 2 ATP per glucose.
Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation
Pyruvate + NADH <-> Lactic Acid + NAD+
Lipid Catabolism
Triglycerides are hydrolyzed to glycerol and free fatty acids. Fatty Acids are catabolized by Beta Oxidation.
Beta-Oxidation
Frees 2-carbon acetyl groups and reduces NAD+ and FAD. Acetyl groups move to krebs cycle.
Protein Catabolism
Proteins are hydrolyzed by extracellular proteases. The product is then hydrolyzed by intracellular proteases to amino acids. Amino Acids are deaminated and enter transition reaction or Kreb’s cycle
Calvin Benson Cycle Steps in Order
- Fixation
- Reduction
- Regeneration
Calvin Benson Cycle - Fixation
Enzyme RuBisCo catalyzes addition of a CO2 to RuBP
Calvin Benson Cycle - Reduction
Six molecules of both ATP and NADPH are used to generate Glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte (G3P) which is used to build glucose.
Calvin Benson Cycle - Regeneration
Some G3P is used to regenerate RuBP and the cycle continues
Carbon Cycle
Occurs between Autotrophs (CO2 -> carbs) and heterotrophs (produce CO2). Hetero produce CO2 via cellular respiration or fermentation. Autotrophs uses CO2 to fix carbon.
Nitrogen Cycle
Prokaryotes incorporate N2 into Macromolecules. Takes organic nitrogen back to N2 in three steps. Ammonification (convert nitrogenous waste to NH3)-> Nitrification (Oxidize nitrite to nitrate) -> Denitrification (uses nitrate as a terminal electron receptor to produce N2 and release into environment).
Sulfur Cycle
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and chemoautotrophic bacteria use H2S as an electron donor oxidizing it to sulfate
Bacteria and plants use SO42- as a sulfur source
