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MicroBio > Test 4 Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Test 4 Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of the host by a pathogen

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2
Q

Disease

A

Invading Pathogen alters normal body functions

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3
Q

Signs + Example

A

Objective manifestations of disease. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure.

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4
Q

Symptom + Example

A

Subjective manifestations of disease. I feel tired. My arm hurts.

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5
Q

Asymptomatic + Example

A

No signs or symptoms in host

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6
Q

Subclinical infection + Example

A

Very vague and non-specific. Flu like symptoms. fever.

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7
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Caused by direct effect of a pathogen

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8
Q

Communicable Disease

A

Capable of being spread from person to person. Direct or indirect contact.

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9
Q

Contagious Disease

A

A communicable disease that spreads very easily

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10
Q

Zoonotic Disease

A

Contracted from an animal

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11
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

Results of a medical procedure

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12
Q

Nosocomial Disease

A

Contracted in a hospital setting. Also called hosptial associated infection

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13
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

Cannot be spread person to person

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14
Q

Noninfectious disease

A

Not caused by pathogens

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15
Q

Incubation Period

A

No signs or symptoms. Pathogen multiplication. Infectious.

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16
Q

Prodromal period

A

Non-Specific Symptoms. Know your sick. Pathogen number increasing

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17
Q

Period of illness

A

Highest concentration of pathogens. most severe symptoms and signs

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18
Q

Period of decline

A

Pathogen is dying. person getting better. decrease in severity of signs and symptoms

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19
Q

Period of convalescence

A

No signs or symptoms. some pathogens.

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20
Q

Acute

A

Pathologic changes occur over a short duration. It comes on quickly and resolves quickly.

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21
Q

Chronic

A

Pathologic changes occur over a long duration. Month or more. Tuberculosis

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22
Q

Latent

A

Causal pathogen remains dormant for an extended period of time with no active replication. Herpes viral infection.

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23
Q

Koch’s Posulates

A
  1. pathogen must be present in all cases of disease and not in healthy individuals.
  2. Must grow pathogen in pure culture
  3. infect healthy subject with pathogen, must get same signs and symptoms as original host.
  4. Pathogen must be re-isolated from new host and be identical to original pathogen
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24
Q

When don’t Koch’s Postulates apply

A

You can find pathogens in healthy individuals.

Not all healthy test subjects are equally susceptible to a disease

Not all pathogens can be grown in pure culture

Ethical issues

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25
Q

Molecular Koch’s Postulates

A

Identify a gene that may cause the organism to be pathogenic.

The sign or symptom should be associated with pathogenic strains of a species

Inactivation of the suspected gene associated with pathogenicity should result in a measurable loss of pathogenecity

Reversion of the inactive gene should restore disease pathogenicity.

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26
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause a disease

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27
Q

Virulence

A

Measure of pathogenicity.
Severity or harmfulness of pathogen.

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28
Q

lD50

A

Dose required to infect 50% of a population.

Low lD50 the more virulent

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29
Q

LD50

A

Dose required to kill 50% of a population.

Refers to toxins. Botulinum most potent toxin

30
Q

Primary Pathogens + Example

A

Can cause disease in a healthy individual.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

31
Q

Opportunistic pathogens + Example

A

Needs help/opportunity to cause disease.

Escherichia coli. Normal in gut but not bladder. will cause bladder infection

32
Q

Major Portals of Entry

A

Sites through which pathogens enter the body:

Skin, Mucous Membrane, Placenta. Parenteral route circumvents usual portals

33
Q

Major Portals of Exit

A

Sites through which pathogens exit the body:

Skin, Mucous Membrane, Placenta. Parenteral route circumvents usual portals

34
Q

Adhesins

A

Proteins which help in adhesion

35
Q

Biofilm Formation

A

Community of bacteria that produce a glycocalyx called extrapolymeric substance (EPS)

36
Q

Biofilm Characteristics

A

EPS allows attachment to a surface.

37
Q

Invasion

A

Dissemination of a pathogen through local tissues or the body

38
Q

Local infection

A

Confined to a small area usually near portal of entry

39
Q

Focal infection

A

Local infections spread to a secondary location.

40
Q

Systemic infection

A

Disseminated throughout the body

41
Q

Primary infection

A

Initial infection

42
Q

Secondary infection

A

Primary infection allowed this infection to occur

43
Q

Bacteremia

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood

44
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of viruses in the blood

45
Q

Toxemia

A

Presence of toxins in the blood

46
Q

Septicemia

A

Presence of multiplying bacteria or toxin producing bacteria in the blood. Sepsis, Shock

47
Q

Sepsis

A

Major body response to an infection, inflammation leads to damage.

48
Q

Shock

A

Septic shock, multi organ failure, edema. Presence of many toxins in the blood.

49
Q

Exoenzymes + Example

A

Secreted by the pathogen. Help pathogen maintain infection, invaid, and avoid body defenses. Dissolve structure chemical in the body.

Important to virulence of pathogen

50
Q

Endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Released during cell death or during binary fission. LD50 High

51
Q

Endotoxin Producers

A

Gram-Negative Bacteria Only

52
Q

Where endotoxins released from

A

Upon cell death or during binary fission.

53
Q

Endotoxin Heat Tolerance

A

Heat Stable

54
Q

Endotoxic Shock

A

An excessive inflammatory response leading to endotoxic shock. Low BP. Multi-Organ failure, death.

55
Q

Exotoxins

A

released from the cell. Mostly produced by Gram-Positive bacteria, but also some pathogenetic Gram-Negative bacteria. Most heat labile. Cause specific damage to cells depending upon type of toxin. LD 50 low

56
Q

AB toxins

A

Intracellular targeting toxins. B subunit binds to target cell and then toxin is internalized via endocytosis. A subunit enters cytoplasm and interferes with intercellular function

57
Q

Membrane Disrupting Toxin

A

Form pores in or disrupt the plasma membrane of host cells.

58
Q

Superantigens + Examples

A

Excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells. Very large response. Cytokine storm, high fever, inflammation, shock.

59
Q

Bacterial Capsule

A

Difficult for pahgocytosis

60
Q

Antiphagocytic Chemicals

A

Prevent fusion of lysosome and phagosome

61
Q

Coagulase

A

Break down blood clots and allow movement. Helps Bacteria avoid the immune system

62
Q

Antigenic Variation

A

Bacteria (some protozoa. Trypanosoma bruceii African sleeping sickness) change their surface antigens 10-14 days.

63
Q

Antigenic Drift (influenza virus)

A

Small mutations causing slight changes in Hemagglutinin (H) and neuramidase (N) spike proteins

64
Q

Antigenic Shift (influenza virus)

A

Large changes in spike proteins due to gene reassortment of multiple strains.

65
Q

Exoenzymes Examples

A

Glycohydrolases -> break down extracellular matrix
Hyaluronidase -> breaks down hyaluronan. Glue holding cells together.
Nucleases -> break down nucleic acids
Collagenase -> most common extracellular protein in the body.

66
Q

Cholera toxin (A-B exotoxin)

A

Dysentery. causes fluid to move into the colon rather than out.

67
Q

Tetanus Toxin (A-B exotoxin)

A

Clostridium tetani -> Rigid paralyze

68
Q

Botulinum Toxin (A-B exotoxin)

A

Clostridium botulinum -> flaccid paralyze. Lowest LD50. Most potent toxin

69
Q

Membrane Disrupting Toxins Most Common

A

Hemolysins and leukocidins. Target more than just red and white blood cells.

70
Q

Bacterial Phospholipases (Membrane Disrupting Toxins)

A

Cause lysis of the phagosome. Bacteria can be phagocytized into an immune cell in a phagosome. Phospholipase allows the bacteria to escape the pahgosome

71
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (superantigens)

A

Tampon misuse. TSST. amputations.

MicroBio (17 decks)

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