Test 4 Chapter 16 Flashcards
Morbidity
Sickness
Mortality
Death
Prevelance
of cases in a population in an area
Incidence
of new cases diagnosed in a timeframe in an area
Sporadic diseases
Happen irregularly with no connected cause
Endemic disease
Sickness in a region
Epidemic Disease
Significant increase in cases in a geographic region
Pandemic disease
Significant increase in cases worldwide
Etiology
Cause of an infectious disease.
CDC
Center for disease control and prevention. Tracks reportable diseases. Morbidity and Mortality weekly report.
John Snow
Father of Epidemiology. Demonstrated the source of the 1854 broad street cholera epidemic in London
John Snow and the cholera epidemic
Identified water source of those who were ill. Mapped the incidence of cholera. Recommended changing the pump handle which resolved the issue.
Common Source Spread
Exposure originates from a single source
Point Source Spread
Brief exposure to a common source.
Continuous Common Source Spread
Prolonged exposure to a common source. Cholera epidemic in London.
Intermittent Common Source Spread
Exposure happens at irregular intervals
Propagated Spread
Spread from person to person
Florence Nightingale
Nurse during Crimean War. In 1854 kept meticulous records of cause of illness and death during the Crimean War.
Florence Nightingale - Results
Showed that most common cause of disease/death were due to preventable disease. Not battle wounds. Led to reforms in hygiene and care of British military.
Joseph Lister
Introduced disinfection Protocols. reduced post-surgical infection rates. Demanded surgeons that worked for him used a 5% carbolic acid spray
Descriptive Epidemiology
Collect data on the occurrence of disease by time, place, person. Identify risk factors
Analytical Epidemiology
Focuses on identifying causes and risk factors. Uses the data from Descriptive epidemiology
Retrospective Studies
Look back in time. Subjects already have disease.
Prospective Studies
Before the outcome occurs. Collect data on ongoing diseases
Cohort Method Studies
Follow a group of individuals over time to see if the outcome occurs
Case-Control Studies
Compare people with a disease to those without the disease
Cross-Section Studies
Collecting data from a time-point
Experimental Epidemiology
Manipulate a variable. Test a hypothesis concerning the cause of a disease.
Ignaz Semmelweis
Childbed fever - Observation. Observed more women died from childbed fever in the hospital rather than out. More women died in Division 1 rather than 2. Tested variables to determine why. Made people wash hands.
Reservoir
Living or Nonliving sources of disease.
Passive Carrier
Temporary carries of disease
Active Carrier
Have the pathogen at all times.
Direct Contact Trasnmission
Person to Person
Droplet Transmission
Sneezing Coughing etc.
Indirect Contact Transmission
Fomites become contaminated. Nonliving thing becomes contaminated. Person ->thing -> person
Vehicle Transmission
Transmission of pathogens through water, food, or air
Vector Transmission
Living thing in between people.
Mechanical Vector
Carrier of the Pathogen. House Fly lands in something contaminated, carries the disease on feet, feet make contact with your food.
Biological Vector
Vector has the pathogen in them. Cats -> toxoplasma gondii
Nosocomial infection
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Acquired in a health care facility.
