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MicroBio > Test 3 Chapter 14 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 3 Chapter 14 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Early 1900s. Searched for the magic bullet

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2
Q

Magic bullet

A

Something that would kill a microbe but be safe for the host

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3
Q

Salvarsan

A

Can treat syphilis

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4
Q

Klarer, Mietzsch and Domagk

A

Discovered antimicrobial properties of the dye, Prontosil

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5
Q

Domagk

A

Continued work with antimicrobials. Worked with sulfanilamide that would become the first synthetic anitmicrobial.

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6
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

“accidentally” discovered penicillin.

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7
Q

Penicillin discovery

A

Alexander Fleming was growing Staphylococcus aureus. Went on vacation, petri dishes left up. Fungal growth occurd. Aureus died on plates with fungi.

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8
Q

Dorothy Hodgkin

A

Discovered structure of penicillin leading the way for semi-synthetic antimicrobials.

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9
Q

Selman Waksman

A

Discovered several antimicrobials isolated from fungi and Streptomyces spp.

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10
Q

Selective toxicity

A

chemical agent or drug can exert a toxic effect on a pathogen and leave the infected host organism unharmed.

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11
Q

Narrow-Spectrum anitmicrobial

A

Hits a few things. targets a specific group of bacteria. I.E. Gram-positive bacteria

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12
Q

Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial

A

Hits lots of things. Would target Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria for example

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13
Q

Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial and super infections

A

An opportunistic pathogen might take over the treated biome as good bacteria was destroyed by the broad spectrum antimicrobial

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14
Q

Super infection

A

A secondary infection that occurs in an individual who is already infected with another strain of the same virus or bacteria.

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15
Q

Enteral Route

A

Orally

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16
Q

Parenteral Route

A

injection - fastest plasma concentration

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17
Q

Synergistic Drug Interactions

A

Drugs do good things when taken together

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18
Q

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

A

Block different steps in the folic acid production metabolic pathway in bacteria. Allows a larger population of bacteria to be neutralized

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19
Q

Antagonistic Drug Interactions

A

Drugs negatively impact one another

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20
Q

Antagonistic Drug Interactions - Example

A

Antacid use with some antimicrobials.

Antimicrobials and birth control. Antimicrobial reduces efficacy of birth control

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21
Q

penicillin mechanism

A

Beta lactam - naturally occuring.

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

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22
Q

cephalosporins mechanism

A

Beta Lactam - naturally occurring

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

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23
Q

vancomycin mechanism

A

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

offspring of penicillin - synthetic though

24
Q

bacitracin mechanism

A

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

Triple antibiotic ointment

25
Q

aminoglycosides Mechanism

A

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis - targets ribosomes

Broad Spectrum

neomycin - Triple antibiotic ointment

26
Q

tetracycline mechanism

A

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis

targets ribosomes

Broad Spectrum

27
Q

azithromycin mechanism

A

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis

Targets ribosomes

Broad Spectrum

28
Q

chloramphenicol mechanism

A

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis

targets ribosomes

Broad Spectrum

Very low cost, very targeted, easy to give.

29
Q

chloramphenicol why don’t we use it more?

A

can cause aplastic anemia, so we don’t give it unless we have to

30
Q

polymyxin B

A

triple antibiotic ointment

Inhibitor of membrane function

31
Q

dapsone

A

hansen’s diseases - Hep C

Inhibitor of membrane function

32
Q

metronidazole

A

really broad spectrum

Inhibitor of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Bacteria and protist

33
Q

rifampin

A

one of the first drugs used for tuberculosis

Inhibitor of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

34
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

Inhibitor of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Ciprofloxacin, poxin

35
Q

sulfonamides

A

folic acid pathway

Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

36
Q

trimethoprim

A

folic acid pathway

Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

37
Q

isoniazid

A

first line of tuberculosis therapy

Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

38
Q

fluconazole

A

Targets ergosterol. Sterle in fungal plasma membranes. Very targeted

39
Q

quinolones

A

antiprotozoal drug

treatment for maleria

40
Q

ivermectin

A

Anthelmintic drug

affects nervous system

41
Q

praziquantel

A

Anthelmintic drug

affects nervous system

42
Q

acyclovir

A

used to fight herpes

Antiviral Drug

43
Q

Found in Triple antibiotic ointment

A

Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B

44
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

A

How does a bacteria make it self unresponsive to a anti-microbial

45
Q

Efflux Pump

A

Active removal of the antimicrobial from the microbe. It gets in then pumped out.

46
Q

Blocked Penetration

A

Antimicrobial isn’t let in.

47
Q

Target modification

A

Bacteria change the shape of the target of the antimicrobial. Reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial

48
Q

Inactivation of enzymes

A

Produces something that breaks down the antimicrobial destroying it.

49
Q

Target Mimicry

A

Bacteria produce something that looks like the target of the drug but does nothing. Decoy.

50
Q

Multidrug-resistance microbes (MDRs)

A

“superbugs”

one or more resistance mechanisms

51
Q

Cross Resistance

A

Single resistance mechanism inactivates multiple antimicrobials.

52
Q

MRSA

A

Semisynthetic penicillin designed to target penicillin resistant S. Aureus

53
Q

VRSA

A

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Staphylococcus Aureus

Narrow Specrtum antimicrobial

One of the last lines of defense for MRSA

54
Q

MDR-TB

A

Multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis

resistant to first line of defense

55
Q

XDR-TB

A

Extremely drug resistant tuberculosis. we have nothing to treat these.

MicroBio (13 decks)

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