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MicroBio > Test 3 Chapter 11 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 3 Chapter 11 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

DNA will be transcribe into RNA which will be translated into proteins. Can only move in one direction.

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2
Q

Genotype

A

Genes contained within a cell

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics.

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4
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

Two strands of DNA separate during replication. Each strand serves as a template for the new strand. The new double stranded DNA has one “old” strand and one “new” strand

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5
Q

Origin of replication

A

where replication begins, only 1 origin in bacteria

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6
Q

Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase)

A

Relaxes the super coil

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7
Q

Helicase

A

Separates the DNA strands. Unzips the genes only a short distance

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8
Q

Replication Fork

A

one side of the now open DNA strands and the still helixed end –{

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9
Q

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins

A

Prevent the newly separated DNA strands from hydrogen bonding together again.

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10
Q

Primase

A

Adds RNA primers

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11
Q

RNA primers function

A

Allows DNA polymerase III to attach as it can only attach to RNA primers

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12
Q

Initiation

A

DNA Gyrase relaxes super coil at origin of replication. Helicase separates DNA. Bidirectional Replication. Primase adds RNA primers.

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13
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

Adds new nucleotides in 5’ -> 3’ direction

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14
Q

Leading Strand

A

Complementary to the 3’->5’ parent strand. Extended continuously

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15
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Complementary to the 5’->3’ parent strand. Has Okazaki fragments.

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16
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Short spurts of 5’->3’ chunks on the lagging strand.

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17
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primers with DNA

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18
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Seals the cracks between okazaki fragments in the lagging stand

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19
Q

Elongation

A

DNA polymerase III starts adding nucleotides. DNA Poly I replaces RNA primer with DNA. DNA Ligase seals cracks.

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20
Q

Termination

A

Not a lot of information about this process. Topoisomerase IV unlocks the newly synthesized chromosomes.

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21
Q

DNA polymerase III and errors during replication

A

Has proofreading abilities which reduce errors during DNA replication.

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22
Q

Telomere

A

Noncoding sequence at ends of chromosomes.

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23
Q

Telomerase

A

Extends the telomeres

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24
Q

Rolling Circle Replication occurs in

A

Plasmids

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25
Q

Rolling Circle Replication Steps

A

Nick (separates parental strands) forms a double-stranded origin site.

DNA Poly III replicates nicked strand in one direction using the un-nicked strand as template.

Nicked strand is displaced and re-circularizes into a single-stranded DNA molecule.

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26
Q

Which Strand of DNA is used for transcription

A

Template strand is used for synthesizing RNA

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27
Q

Initiation RNA

A

RNA transcription initiation begins at a promotor.

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28
Q

Most common promotor

A

TATA box (TATAAT) about 10 base pairs upstream of gene to be transcribe

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29
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Main enzyme in Elongation. No proofreading skills

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30
Q

Why are there more errors in RNA than DNA?

A

RNA polymerase does not have any proofreading skills.

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31
Q

Elongation

A

RNA polymerase unwinds DNA, seperates double helix, and can add new RNA nucleotides.

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32
Q

Termination Begining

A

RNA polymerase reaches a Stop codon and ends the process.

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33
Q

Termination Post Stop Codon

A

RNA polymerase stalls and releases the DNA template. Gets stopped and falls off when it hits termination signal

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34
Q

Termination Releasing the RNA

A

final step of termination

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35
Q

Prokaryote in cytoplasm Unique RNA transctipion

A

Prokaryote in cytoplasm perform transcription and translation at the same time.

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36
Q

Modifications made to the pre-mRNA in eukaryotes

A

In eukaryotes a 5’ cap is added to pre-mRNA. A poly-A tail is added to the 3’ end of pre-mRNA. Primary transcript (pre-mRNA) must be processed before leaving the nucleus

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37
Q

5’ cap function

A

Capping of mRNA 5′ ends modification that allows efficient mRNA translation, directs pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export from the nucleus. limits mRNA degradation. Allows recognition of foreign RNAs (including viral transcripts) as ‘non-self’.

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38
Q

Poly-A tail 3’ end of pre-mRNA function

A

export of the mature mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Also promotes the translation of the mRNAs and protects them from degradation.

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39
Q

RNA splicing

A

remove the introns and reconnect the exons. Facilitated by a spliceosome.

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40
Q

“Degeneracy” of the genetic code

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

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41
Q

Wobble position

A

3rd position in a codon that can vary while still coding for the same amino acid

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42
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

codes for the same amino acids in essentially all organisms

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43
Q

How many Codons? How many nonsense/stop codons?

A

64 total codons, 3 nonsense or stop codons.

44
Q

AUG - Codon relevance

A

Methionine and start codon

45
Q

Components of ribosomes

A

Made of rRNAs (act as enzymes) and peptides

46
Q

Ribosome size in Prokaryotes

A

70s

47
Q

Ribosome size in Eukaryotes

A

80S

48
Q

Small subunit of the ribosome

A

Binds mRNA template

49
Q

Large subunit of the ribosome

A

bind tRNA for initiation with the thymine attached.

50
Q

Polyribosomes

A

have multiple ribosomes translating the same mRNA

51
Q

Direction Polypeptide is formed in

A

Polypeptides are formed from the N-Terminus -> C-Terminus

52
Q

Structure of a tRNA

A

Single stranded RNAs with a lot of intramolecular base pairing. Kind of looks like a clover

53
Q

Anticodon

A

Base pairs with the codon on the mRNA

54
Q

aminoacyl tRNA transferases

A

Charges tRNA

55
Q

Shine-Delgarno Sequence

A

where 30S ribosomes can bind.

56
Q

What are the three sites on ribosomes

A

A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit)

57
Q

A site

A

Charged tRNA enters at this site.

58
Q

Peptide bond formation

A

Catalyzed by peptidyl transferase with GTP as energy source

Between the amino group of the A site and the carboxyl group in the P site

59
Q

E site

A

Where tRNA is released from

60
Q

Nonsense codon and the Sites

A

Codon aligns with the A-Site. Release factors lead to detachment of chain from the P-site tRNA.

61
Q

Mutation

A

A change within a gene

62
Q

Point Mutations

A

Where a single nucleotide in the DNA is changed

63
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Is a point mutation where there is no change to the protein coded.

64
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Point mutation where incorrect amino acid in the protein. May be good or bad or nothing at all

65
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Point mutation which codes for an early stop codon. Maybe good, bad, or nothing, but more likely to be bad than missense

66
Q

Insertion mutation

A

Add a nucleotide or two into the DNA

67
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

Remove a nucleotide or two from the DNA

68
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Most likely to be bad. Nucleotides have been added or removed

69
Q

Why is spontaneous mutation rare?

A

There are fail safes in play to avoid mutation during replication

70
Q

Mutagen

A

Something that can cause a mutation

71
Q

Carcinogen

A

Things that can cause cancer

72
Q

Nucleoside analogs

A

Structurally similar to normal nucleotides, but use different base-pairing rules

73
Q

Modification of normal bases

A

Different base-pairing rules

74
Q

Intercalating agents

A

Distort the double helix impairing enzyme funtion.

75
Q

Ionizing Radiation on DNA

A

Breaks in the sugar-phosphate back bone. Modification of bases

76
Q

Nonionizing Radiation on DNA

A

Dimer formation between two adjacent pyrimidine basses (usually thymine)

77
Q

Nucleotide Excision Repair of Thymine Dimers

A

Nuclease cuts strand. Helicase removes cut section. DNA Pol I and DNA Ligase make repair. DNA Pol I adds the nucleotides back, DNA ligase seals the cracks

78
Q

Direct Repair of Thymine Dimers

A

Photolyase binds distorted helix. When exposed to visible light breaks the thymine dimer. No longer works in humans

79
Q

Vertical Gene Transfer

A

Sexual Reproduction

80
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual Reproduction

81
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Across same generation -> Prokaryotes.

82
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of DNA from the environment and incorporating it.

83
Q

Competent Bacteria

A

Common. Those that can take up DNA from its environment and incorporate it into their genome.

84
Q

Generalized Transduction

A

Transducing phage carries random DNA segment from donor to recipient

85
Q

Specialized Transduction

A

Transducing Phage carries DNA from either side of the Phage’s intergration site

86
Q

Conjugation

A

DNA is directly transferred via a conjugation pilus.

87
Q

Conjugation Pilus

A

Bring cells close togethere and forms a bridge for DNA transfer

88
Q

F-Plasmid

A

Required for genes to conjugate

89
Q

Conjugation of the F Plasmid

A

F pilus (F+ cell on an HFR) contacts an F- cell. Form a cytoplasmic bridge at site of conjugation pilus. Rolling circle replication of the F Plasmid begins. Single-Stranded copy is transferred and then the complementary strand is synthesized. The F- cell is now F+

90
Q

Conjugation of F+ and HFR Cells

A

F Plasmid integrates into bacterial chromosome

91
Q

Hfr

A

High frequency of recombination.

92
Q

R Plasmids

A

genes for antimicrobial resistance and conjugation

93
Q

Toxin Production

A

Bacillus anthrakus (production of two toxins on two plasmids)

94
Q

Colonization factors

A

Capsule

95
Q

Transposons

A

“jumping genes” cut and paste or copy and paste movement.

96
Q

Imprecise cutting of the transposon

A

Transposon may carry additional genes with them.

97
Q

Operons

A

Unique to Prokaryotes. Group of genes for a single metabolic pathway.

98
Q

Upstream regulatory gene

A

impacts the level of transcription.

99
Q

trp operon

A

makes the amino acid tryptophan. Repressible operon

100
Q

Repressible Operon Function

A

It is always on. so it can be turned off or repressed

101
Q

trp operon repression

A

When typyophan is present in the environment it activates the repressor which binds to the operator

102
Q

Inducible Operon Fucntion

A

Usually off, can be turned on or induced.

103
Q

lac operon

A

Activates Lactose Catabolism.

104
Q

Activation by catabolite activator protein

A

CAP induces lac operon

105
Q

lac Operon and cAMP

A

When glucose levels are low the cell produces less ATP for catabolism. This leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase producing cAMP. cAMP binds to catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds upstream of RNA polymerase binding site in promoter

MicroBio (13 decks)

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