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test 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Oswald Avery

A

built off of griffith discovery. concluded protein could not be the transforming factor. said that DNA is the genetic material of a cell.

treated griffiths mixture of heat treated deadly strain and live harmless protein destroying enzymes. the bacterial colonies grown from the mixture were still transformed

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1
Q

Fredrick Griffith

A

“transforming factor” is the genetic material
studied two forms/strains of bacterial species. (pneumonia.) harmless and deadly. deadly became harmless when heated. important discovery came when he mixed heat treated deadly and harmless i to a mouse and the mouse died.

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2
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

A

Convinced the science world that DNA is the transforming factor. concluded that phages DNA entered the bacterial cell during infections. DNA must carry the genetic informstion.

did more experiments to prove DNA was the hereditary material. used a batch of infecting phages and mixed it with radioactive isotopes of sulfur to label only the phages protein coats. in another batch they used radioactive isotopes of phosphorus to label DNA. USED A BLENDER.

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3
Q

virus

A

a oackage of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. not made of cells. can only reproduce by infecting another living cell.

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4
Q

bacteripphage

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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5
Q

transforming factor

A

DNA

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6
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

an atom with an unstable nucleus

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7
Q

deoxyribose

A

ring shaped sugar found in nucleotides

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8
Q

nucleotide

A

building blocks (the monomers) of nucleic acid polymers

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9
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with functional groups

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10
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

where heritable genetic information of an organism is stored. a polymer built of monomers called nucleotides.

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11
Q

what is the structure of a single nucleotide?

A

ring shaped sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base (single or double ring of carbon)

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12
Q

four nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

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13
Q

Adenine

A

bonds with Thymine in DNA
bonds with Uricel in RNA
double ring structure (purine)

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14
Q

what are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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15
Q

what is a purine?

A

larger, double ring structures

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16
Q

what is a Pyrimidine?

A

single ring structures

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17
Q

what are the pyrimidines?

A

cytosine and thymine

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18
Q

Thymine

A

single ringed (pyrimidine)
bonds with Adenine in DNA
not found in RNA
replaced with Uracil in RNA

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19
Q

Cytosine

A 
single ringed (pyrimidine)
bonds with guanine in DNA
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20
Q

Guanine

A 
double ringed (purine)
bonds with cytosine
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21
Q

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

A

showed that the basic structure of DNA was a helix. photographed DNA using crystallography

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22
Q

Xray Crystallography

A

scattered xrays through the DNA crystal to form an image

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23
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

modeled DNA structure. Used franklins work to create a new model with two strands of nucleotides DOUBLE HELIX. hypothesized nitrogous bases aligned

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24
Q

Double Helix

A

a twisting shape

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25
Q

DNA replication

A

process of copying the DNA molecule

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26
Q

antiparallel

A

DNA runs in opposite directions

Watson and crick ideas

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27
Q

template

A

a place where it starts

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28
Q

DNA polymerases

A

enzymes that make covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand

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29
Q

genotype

A

an organisms genotype is its genetic make up. a sequence of nucleotide bases in its DNA

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30
Q

phenotype

A

the organism’s specific traits which lies in proteins and their wide variety of functions

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31
Q

Chargaff

A

found the base pair rule

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32
Q

base pair rule

A

a goes with t

c goes with g

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33
Q

Ribonucleic Acid(RNA)

A

any nucleic acid whose sugar is ribose rather than the deoxyribose of DNA

34
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single strand
DNA uses deoxyribose, RNA uses ribose
DNA doesn’t use Uracil, RNA does

35
Q

Uracil

A

very similar to thymine
pyrimidine
pairs with adenine in RNA

36
Q

gene

A

unit of inherited information in DNA

37
Q

transcription

A

DNA’s nucleotide sequence is converted to the single stranded RNA molecule

38
Q

translation

A

converts nucleic acid language to amino acid language

39
Q

codon

A

codes for one amino acid

40
Q

how many types of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

3

41
Q

what are the three kinds of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA) 
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
42
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

transcribed from a DNA template.

43
Q

RNA polymerase

A

links the RNA nucleotides together

44
Q

introns

A

internal noncoding regions

45
Q

peptide bond

A

bond between amino acids

46
Q

polypeptide

A

many bonds which makes a protein

47
Q

telomeres

A

end of a chromosome that has dna that never gets turned into a protein. protects dna as replicated

48
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme that protects telomeres

49
Q

Linus Pauling

A

Cal tech professor that was close to figuring out the structure of DNA

50
Q

polymerase

A

enzyme that makes DNA or RNA

51
Q

Why does DNA need to be converted to RNA?

A

DNA cant leave the nucleolus.

52
Q

Why do genes become proteins?

A

genes are units of instructions in DNA taht explain how the protein should be made

53
Q

what is the difference between a gene and DNA

A

a gene is within the all together dna

54
Q

exon

A

what from dna in the nucleus is used in the copy

55
Q

intron

A

unneeded parts that stay in the nucleus

56
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that separates dna so it can be copied

57
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA that goes into the ribosome

58
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

rna that folds that travels to the ribosome

59
Q

start codon

A

AUG. tells where to start

60
Q

stop codon

A

UC tells to stop

61
Q

mutation

A

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

62
Q

base substitution

A

the replacement of one base or nucleotide with another

63
Q

why are base substitutions sometimes harmless?

A

because in genetic code, several amino acids have more than one codon that code for the same amino acid

64
Q

silent mutation

A

a change where no change in the protein product would result

65
Q

base insertion

A

addition of nucleotides

66
Q

base deletion

A

subtracting a nucleotide

67
Q

why is insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene harmful?

A

because mRNA is read as a series of triplets, adding or subtracting nucleotides may alter the triplet groupings of the genetic message. this will cause them to be regrouped into different codons and will result in a different or non working protein

68
Q

what causes mutations?

A

when errors occur in DNA replication

69
Q

mutagens

A

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

70
Q

trisomy

A

3 chromosomes instead of 2

71
Q

nondisjunction

A

event during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to seperate

72
Q

duplication

A

when part of a chromosome is repeated

73
Q

deletion

A

occurs when a fragment of a chromosome is lost

74
Q

inversion

A

reversing a fragment of the original chromosome

75
Q

translocation

A

when a fragment of a chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

76
Q

who was down syndrome named after

A

john langdon down

77
Q

cri du chat

A

babies cry like a cat

78
Q

ultrasound

A

sound waves to make an image

79
Q

klienfelters

A

is the set of symptoms resulting from additional X genetic material in males

80
Q

turners

A

missing an x chromosome in females

81
Q

amniocentesis

A

babies fluid is tested for chromosomal disorders

82
Q

karyotypes

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

83
Q

tools to diagnose

A

karyotype, amniocentesis, ultrasound

Biology (15 decks)

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