Final Flash Cards
(212 cards)
0
Q
molecular formula of a carbohydrate
A
CH2O
1
Q
carbohydrate
A
an organic compound made up of sugar molecules.
2
Q
matter
A
anything that occupies space and has mass
3
Q
element
A
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means
4
Q
what are the basic ingredients of matter
A
elements
5
Q
what are the most essential elements to life
A
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
6
Q
trace elements
A
elements that make up less than 0.01% of your body mass
7
Q
what happens if you don’t get enough iodine
A
thyroid glands do not function properly
8
Q
thyroid gland
A
The gland in your throat that regulates it certain chemical processes in your body
9
Q
compound
A
A substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio
10
Q
atom
A
The smallest possible particle of an element
11
Q
atomos
A
Greek word meaning indivisible
12
Q
subatomic particle
A
smaller components of atoms. These include protons, electrons, and neutrons.
13
Q
what are the three subatomic particles in an atom?
A
protons neutrons electrons
14
Q
proton
A
A subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge
15
Q
electron
A
subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge
16
Q
neutron
A
electrically neutral, no electrical charge.
17
Q
what does an elements physical and chemical properties depend on
A
The number and arrangement of its subatomic particles
18
Q
nucleus (atom)
A
where the protons and neutrons are tightly packaged together in the central core of the atom
19
Q
what keeps a electrons close to the nucleus
A
The attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged protons
20
Q
atomic number
A
The number of protons
21
Q
isotopes
A
elements with alternate forms. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their atoms but different numbers of neutrons.
22
Q
what isotope makes up most of all naturally occurring carbon
A
carbon-12
23
Q
radioactive isotope
A
an isotope in which the nucleus of decays (breaks down) over time, getting off radiation in the form of matter and energy.
24
what is the importance of radioactive isotopes
radioactive isotopes are useful as biological spies for observing what happens to different atoms within organisms.
25
how do radioactive isotopes work as biological spies
living cells use radioactive isotopes just as they would use the nonradioactive forms. scientists can track the presence of radioactive isotopes with instruments that detect radioactive decay.
26
how are radioactive isotopes harmful
particles and energy they give off can damage cells.
27
how does an atoms structure determine how it reacts with other atoms?
The atoms electrons. It is the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom that determine how the atom reacts
28
how do electrons differ?
in the amount of energy they have and how tightly they are held by the protons in the nucleus. Based on these properties, chemist describe an atoms electrons as belonging to certain energy levels
29
how many electrons can the first energy level hold
2 electrons
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how many electrons can the second energy level hold
8
31
what makes an atom chemically reactive
partially filled energy levels
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inert
does not tend to react
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ionic bond
occurs when an atom transfers and electron to another atom.
34
ion
atoms that have become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons
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covalent bond
A bond that forms when two atoms share electrons
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HONC
1 bond 2 bonds 3 bonds 4 bonds
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how many bonds can an atom form
The number of additional electrons that will fill its highest energy level
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molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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chemical formula
tells you the number and types of ATOMS in a molecule
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chemical reaction
changes in which result in the formation of one or more new substances. Chemical composition changes
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reactant
the starting material in a chemical reaction
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product
the ending material in a chemical reaction
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how do chemical reactions take place
they do not create or destroy atoms only rearrange them. these rearrangement usually involve breaking chemical bonds in reactants and forming and forming new bonds in products
44
what is a water molecule
two hydrogen atoms are each joined to an oxygen atom by a single covalent bond. inorganic
45
polar molecule
a molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges
46
why is water a polar molecule
oxygen pulls electrons much more strongly than hydrogen. Part of the reason is out the oxygen nucleus has a protons, and therefore has a stronger positive charge than the hydrogen nucleus, which has one proton. This unequal poll results in the shared electron spending more time in the neighborhood of the oxygen atom
47
causes water to have a slight negative charge
he equal sharing of electrons house is the oxygen end of the molecule to have a slight negative charge, While the end with the two hydrogen atoms is slightly positive
48
hydrogen bond
A week attraction between hydrogen Adams of one molecule and a slightly negative Adam within another molecule is a type of chemical bonds called a hydrogen bond
49
temperature
the measure of the average energy of random motion of the particles in a substance
50
solution
A uniform mixture of two or more substances
51
solvent
The substance that dissolves of the other substance and is present in the greater amount
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solute
The substance that is dissolved and is present in a lesser amount
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aqueous solution
the result when water is the solvent
54
why is water the meanest solvent inside all cells
water dissolves in an enormous variety of salutes necessary for life.
55
how does water dissolve table salt
Water dissolves ionic compounds such as table salt. The positive sodium ions of the surface of the sodium chloride crystal attract the oxygen ends of the water molecules. The negative chloride ions attract the hydrogen and the water molecules. As a result, water molecules around each ion, breaking the salt Crystal apart in the process
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acid
less than 7 on the pH scale. A compound that donates H+ ions to a solution
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base
more than 7 on the pH scale. compound that removes H+ ions from an aqueous solution. OH-
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pH scale
describes how acidic or basic a solution is
59
what is the pH of most living things
7
60
buffer
A substance that causes a solution it to resist changes in pH
61
how does a buffer work
my excepting H+ ions when of their levels rise and donating H+ ions when their levels fall. This maintains a fairly constant pH in the solution
62
ozone
A gas made of oxygen atoms
63
why is carbon is so common in living things?
each carbon atom is a connecting point from which another atoms can branch off in up to four directions
64
organic molecules
carbon based molecules
65
inorganic molecule
non-carbon based molecules
66
hydrocarbons
organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen
67
functional group
Group of atoms within a molecule that interact in a predictable ways with other molecules
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hydrophilic
attracts water molecules
69
monomers
smaller molecular units that make up large molecules that are built from many similar small units
70
polymers
made of monomers linked into a chain
71
large molecule categories
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
72
dehydration reaction
external monomer is added to a chain and a water molecule is released. (removing water)
73
hydrolysis reaction
when cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them
74
how to build a polymer
water is removed
75
how to break apart a polymer
hydrolysis reaction
| water is added
76
what shape are sugars
ring shaped
77
monosaccharide
one sugar unit
78
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose amd galactose
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what is the main fuel supply for cellular work
sugar molecules
80
Disaccharide
double sugar
81
what is sucrose made of
glucose & fructose
82
polysaccharide
Long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers
83
starch
A polysaccharide found in a plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers. curly shape
84
do animal cells contain starch
no
85
glycogen
A chain of many glucose monomers. Where access sugar is stored
86
cellulose
polysaccharide in the plants. Straight-chain. protect cells and stiffen the plant, preventing it from flopping over.
87
why can't animals and people digest cellulose
cause they lack the molecule not certain to break the bonds between the glucose monomers
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fiber
passes through the digestive system unchanged
89
lipid
water avoiding molecule. Hydrophobic. lipids act a boundary that surrounds and contains the watery contents of your cells. store energy
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fat
three carbon backbone called glycerol attached to three fatty acids. cushion organs and provide body with insulation
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saturated fat
A fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
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unsaturated fat
contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and one or more of it's fatty acid chains because some of its carbon atoms are double bonded to each other.
93
why are saturated fats unhealthy
promote the buildup of lipid containing deposits, called plaques, within the walls of blood vessels. These plaques can reduce blood flow and contribute to heart disease
94
steroid
lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms for fused rings.
95
what is made of a long polymer of many glucose in a straight chain
cellulose
96
which does not belong with the rest of this list: (lactose, glycogen, triglyceride, glucose)?
triglyceride
97
what is the catalyst in our cells
enzyme
98
is glucose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide
monosaccharide
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is sucrose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide
disaccharide
100
what sugar is found in fruits
fructose
101
what is the most acidic pH level possible
1
102
how are steroids different from most lipids
they are different in structure and function. Some steroid circulating your body is a chemical signal
103
what is the female and male sex hormone
estrogen and testosterone
104
do estrogen and testosterone differ
have differences in their functional groups.
105
what causes the differences in appearance between male and female
The differences in the functional groups of estrogen and testosterone
106
protein
polymer constructed from a side of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids.
107
amino acid
a monomer that consists of a central Carbon Adam bonded to four partners.
108
it is different about each type of amino acid?
the R group that attaches to the fourth bond of the central Carbon.
109
R group
The side group that is responsible for the particular chemical properties for each amino acid
110
how do cells create proteins?
linking amino acids together into a chain called a polypeptide
111
how many amino acids are there
20
112
in the alphabet analogy what are the letters? what are the words
amino acids
| proteins
113
I do bacteria/single cell life divide?
to make offspring
114
what is the stage where all cells carry out their metabolic process and grow
interphase
115
it is the second step of the cell cycle
S
116
some organisms have the ability to change color to match their environment. What is this an example of?
adaption and evolution
117
which subatomic particle has a positive charge?
proton
118
is the substance to the left of the arrow in an equation called!
reactant
119
what is an element atomic number the number of?
protons
120
what can be radioactive and used to kill cancer and bacteria?
isotope
121
when ice melts, is it a representation of a physical or chemical property of water?
physical
122
what is the center of an atom that holds the neutrons
nucleus
123
what is the symbol for sulfur
S
124
what are two molecules with the same molecular formulas but different structures?
isomers
125
and what kind of reaction does a polymer breaking down with the input of water
hydrolysis
126
what is the valence of oxygen
2
127
what is the ability to distinguish between objects before they've blurred together
resolution
128
1 mm hold how many micrometers?
1000
129
what magnifies the outer surface of cells but also kills them?
SEM
130
Who invented the first microscope
von Leeuwenhoek
131
development
The process where life goes through a series of changes when they grow
132
comsumers
Life forms that obtain energy from eating food made by plants
133
excrete
releasing waste
134
the E of TEM stands for what?
electron
135
does burning paper undergoing physical or chemical change? How do you know?
it undergoes a chemical change because it's chemical composition has changed through the burning
136
what stores water in plant cells and keeps them crunchy
vacuole
137
what is the liquid part of the cytoplasm called
cytosol
174
DNA polymerase
makes covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand
175
each gene is like a what
sentence
176
transcription
DNA nucleotide sequences converted to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule in the process
177
codon
hree bases that code for one amino acid
178
centrifuge
tool used to separate material by spinning them
179
microtome
tool used to slice materials thin for use with microscopes
180
flagella structure
Long, thin, wisp like structures.
| core of microtubules
181
flagella function
enable some cells to move
182
cilia structure and function
shorter than flagella.
bundles of microtubules
moves things through cells
183
prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes stick together. Tetrads attach to spindles
184
metaphase 1
tetrads move to the middle of the cell
185
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes separate
186
telophase 1
chromosomes go to the poles. nuclear envelope forms
187
cholesterol function in membrane
makes it fluid
188
Hydrophobic tales
help the bilayer be selective
189
hydrophilic in membrane
heads
contrast with tail
selective
190
integral proteins
A protein that goes through the entire bilayer
191
transport protein
hopes substances pass through by diffusion. Substances too big or have a charge might not be able to go through
192
genome
The complete set of genetic material in an organism by the order of the DNA
193
histones
DNA wraps around small proteins called histones
194
Jumping genes
transponons
195
diploid
contains 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
196
gametes
sex cells
197
haploid
single set of chromosomes
198
zygote
fertilized egg
199
A member of a gene pair that determines a specific trait
allele
200
mendel
father of genetics
201
The law of independent assortment
states that each gene pair is inherited independently of the gene pairs for other traits
202
study of heredity
genetics
203
condition in which neither of the two genes imaging pair masks the other
incomplete dominance
204
start codon
aug
205
stop codons
uaa uag uga
206
why are there 64 codons
there are 64 codons because therefore different you can type possible to make up a three codon amino acid
207
The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during prophase one of meiosis
crossing over
208
final essay questions: chloroplast
where photosynthesis takes place
| farm for food (where food is made)
209
final essay question: mitochondria
takes sugar and makes energy available
| grocery store. prepares food and makes available for people
210
final essay question: nucleolus
stores information like a library
211
final essay question: cell wall
keeps plants stiff and supports them
| teacher. supports with education/ encourages but keeps inline strict and stiff
314
catalyst
compound that speeds up chemical reactions
315
substrate
A specific reactance acted upon by an enzyme is an enzyme substrate
316
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells
cells are the basic unit of structure and the function in living things
all cells come from pre existing cells
317
how does cilia help you breathe
The cells lining your windpipe of cilia that sweet mucus with traffic debris out of your lungs. The sleeping action helps keep your respiratory system clean and allows air to flow through it smoothly
318
diffusion
and that movement of particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated where they are less concentrated
319
equilibrium
balance
320
collectively permeable membrane
allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether
321
passive transport
diffusion across the membrane
322
facilitated diffusion
The traffic of sandwich substances can only occurred by way of transport proteins. In this process known as facilitated diffusion, transport proteins provide a pathway for certain molecules pass
323
vesicles
small membrane sax that specialize in moving product's into out oven within itself
324
exosytosis
expels molecules from the cell that are too large to pass through the plasma membrane
325
endocytlsis
takes matetials into the cell
326
what are the five parts of the fluid mosaic model?
```
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail
peripheral protein
integral protein (ex.. transport)
cholsetrol
```
327
function of the peripheral protein
recieves signals
328
transport protein
helps substances pass through by diffusion. Substances that are too big or have a charge need a transport protein
329
adaption
I trait that allows an organism to better survive its environment
330
stimulus response
reacting to something in the environment (sound, light, touch)
331
development
Progressive change in size shape and function during the life of an organism
332
HOGS EAR DEW
homeostasis, organization, growth, stimulus response, evolution, adaption, reproduction, development, excretion
333
compound light microscope
common lab microscope, 3000 X, light, 2-D, sees living cells
334
stereomicroscope
dissecting microscope, 500 X, light, 3-D, magnifies surface of living
335
SEM
scanning microscope, 100,000x, electrons, 3-D, surfaces of cells, kills specimen
336
TEM
transmission electron microscope, 300,000x, electrons, 2-D, interior of cells, kills
337
first way to run a test of slime
use a microscope to see if the slime is composed of cells. Look for characteristics of life such a cell membrane or possibly a nucleus.
338
Second way to test for characteristics of life on slime
living things have stimulus responses. poke to see if it responds in anyway. Before that see if it moves without being stimulated by observing and placing it in an environment that wouldn't affect its movement
339
third way to test this line
see if the slime can maintain constant internal conditions or homeostasis. Measure the temperature of the slime first and then see if it changes or stays the same
340
structural differences of starch and cellulose
starch is loopy
cellulose is straight
both glucose monomers
341
differences in the function of starch and cellulose
starch- used in plants as a sugar for energy to perform work and use as raw material to build other molecules. Humans and most of their animals are able to use plant start as food by breaking down within their digestive systems
cellulose - protects cells and stiffens the plant so it doesn't flop over
342
why is it important that starch is the shape that it is
so it can move through cells easily
343
importance of cellulose being the shape that it is
Great shape stiffens plants. cleans digestive system
344
saturated fat
three straight chains of fatty acids that contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms which causes a structural change because the hydrogen makes all single bonds which makes a straight chain. Energy, hormone production, cellular membranes and for organ padding
345
unsaturated fat
contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of it's fatty acid chains. This causes a structural change because the hydrogen makes double bonds which make it so the chains cannot be street. The chains are not straight. Increases fluidity of the membranes
346
tRNA
shape allows it to read codons to make amino acids which then make the protein
347
mRNA
transcribed from a DNA template. In transcription only one of the DNA strand serve as a template for the newly forming am I in a molecule. I'm on a chance grab Philogene directly serves as a messenger molecule that is translated into a protein
348
DNA replication process
two strands of the double helix separate. Each strand produces a new, complementary strand. Nucleotides lineup across from the existing strand as predicted by the base pair rule. & Link the nucleotides together to form the two new DNA strands called daughter strands
349
what is the process of copying the DNA molecule
DNA replication
