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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

molecular formula of a carbohydrate

A

CH2O

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1
Q

carbohydrate

A

an organic compound made up of sugar molecules.

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2
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means

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4
Q

what are the basic ingredients of matter

A

elements

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5
Q

what are the most essential elements to life

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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6
Q

trace elements

A

elements that make up less than 0.01% of your body mass

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7
Q

what happens if you don’t get enough iodine

A

thyroid glands do not function properly

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8
Q

thyroid gland

A

The gland in your throat that regulates it certain chemical processes in your body

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9
Q

compound

A

A substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio

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10
Q

atom

A

The smallest possible particle of an element

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11
Q

atomos

A

Greek word meaning indivisible

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12
Q

subatomic particle

A

smaller components of atoms. These include protons, electrons, and neutrons.

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13
Q

what are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

A

protons neutrons electrons

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14
Q

proton

A

A subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge

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15
Q

electron

A

subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge

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16
Q

neutron

A

electrically neutral, no electrical charge.

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17
Q

what does an elements physical and chemical properties depend on

A

The number and arrangement of its subatomic particles

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18
Q

nucleus (atom)

A

where the protons and neutrons are tightly packaged together in the central core of the atom

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19
Q

what keeps a electrons close to the nucleus

A

The attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged protons

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20
Q

atomic number

A

The number of protons

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21
Q

isotopes

A

elements with alternate forms. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their atoms but different numbers of neutrons.

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22
Q

what isotope makes up most of all naturally occurring carbon

A

carbon-12

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23
Q

radioactive isotope

A

an isotope in which the nucleus of decays (breaks down) over time, getting off radiation in the form of matter and energy.

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24
Q

what is the importance of radioactive isotopes

A

radioactive isotopes are useful as biological spies for observing what happens to different atoms within organisms.

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25
Q

how do radioactive isotopes work as biological spies

A

living cells use radioactive isotopes just as they would use the nonradioactive forms. scientists can track the presence of radioactive isotopes with instruments that detect radioactive decay.

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26
Q

how are radioactive isotopes harmful

A

particles and energy they give off can damage cells.

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27
Q

how does an atoms structure determine how it reacts with other atoms?

A

The atoms electrons. It is the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom that determine how the atom reacts

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28
Q

how do electrons differ?

A

in the amount of energy they have and how tightly they are held by the protons in the nucleus. Based on these properties, chemist describe an atoms electrons as belonging to certain energy levels

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29
Q

how many electrons can the first energy level hold

A

2 electrons

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30
Q

how many electrons can the second energy level hold

A

8

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31
Q

what makes an atom chemically reactive

A

partially filled energy levels

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32
Q

inert

A

does not tend to react

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33
Q

ionic bond

A

occurs when an atom transfers and electron to another atom.

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34
Q

ion

A

atoms that have become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons

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35
Q

covalent bond

A

A bond that forms when two atoms share electrons

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36
Q

HONC

A

1 bond 2 bonds 3 bonds 4 bonds

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37
Q

how many bonds can an atom form

A

The number of additional electrons that will fill its highest energy level

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38
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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39
Q

chemical formula

A

tells you the number and types of ATOMS in a molecule

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40
Q

chemical reaction

A

changes in which result in the formation of one or more new substances. Chemical composition changes

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41
Q

reactant

A

the starting material in a chemical reaction

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42
Q

product

A

the ending material in a chemical reaction

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43
Q

how do chemical reactions take place

A

they do not create or destroy atoms only rearrange them. these rearrangement usually involve breaking chemical bonds in reactants and forming and forming new bonds in products

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44
Q

what is a water molecule

A

two hydrogen atoms are each joined to an oxygen atom by a single covalent bond. inorganic

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45
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges

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46
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

oxygen pulls electrons much more strongly than hydrogen. Part of the reason is out the oxygen nucleus has a protons, and therefore has a stronger positive charge than the hydrogen nucleus, which has one proton. This unequal poll results in the shared electron spending more time in the neighborhood of the oxygen atom

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47
Q

causes water to have a slight negative charge

A

he equal sharing of electrons house is the oxygen end of the molecule to have a slight negative charge, While the end with the two hydrogen atoms is slightly positive

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48
Q

hydrogen bond

A

A week attraction between hydrogen Adams of one molecule and a slightly negative Adam within another molecule is a type of chemical bonds called a hydrogen bond

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49
Q

temperature

A

the measure of the average energy of random motion of the particles in a substance

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50
Q

solution

A

A uniform mixture of two or more substances

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51
Q

solvent

A

The substance that dissolves of the other substance and is present in the greater amount

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52
Q

solute

A

The substance that is dissolved and is present in a lesser amount

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53
Q

aqueous solution

A

the result when water is the solvent

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54
Q

why is water the meanest solvent inside all cells

A

water dissolves in an enormous variety of salutes necessary for life.

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55
Q

how does water dissolve table salt

A

Water dissolves ionic compounds such as table salt. The positive sodium ions of the surface of the sodium chloride crystal attract the oxygen ends of the water molecules. The negative chloride ions attract the hydrogen and the water molecules. As a result, water molecules around each ion, breaking the salt Crystal apart in the process

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56
Q

acid

A

less than 7 on the pH scale. A compound that donates H+ ions to a solution

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57
Q

base

A

more than 7 on the pH scale. compound that removes H+ ions from an aqueous solution. OH-

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58
Q

pH scale

A

describes how acidic or basic a solution is

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59
Q

what is the pH of most living things

A

7

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60
Q

buffer

A

A substance that causes a solution it to resist changes in pH

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61
Q

how does a buffer work

A

my excepting H+ ions when of their levels rise and donating H+ ions when their levels fall. This maintains a fairly constant pH in the solution

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62
Q

ozone

A

A gas made of oxygen atoms

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63
Q

why is carbon is so common in living things?

A

each carbon atom is a connecting point from which another atoms can branch off in up to four directions

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64
Q

organic molecules

A

carbon based molecules

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65
Q

inorganic molecule

A

non-carbon based molecules

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66
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen

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67
Q

functional group

A

Group of atoms within a molecule that interact in a predictable ways with other molecules

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68
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracts water molecules

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69
Q

monomers

A

smaller molecular units that make up large molecules that are built from many similar small units

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70
Q

polymers

A

made of monomers linked into a chain

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71
Q

large molecule categories

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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72
Q

dehydration reaction

A

external monomer is added to a chain and a water molecule is released. (removing water)

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73
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

when cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them

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74
Q

how to build a polymer

A

water is removed

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75
Q

how to break apart a polymer

A

hydrolysis reaction

water is added

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76
Q

what shape are sugars

A

ring shaped

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77
Q

monosaccharide

A

one sugar unit

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78
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose amd galactose

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79
Q

what is the main fuel supply for cellular work

A

sugar molecules

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80
Q

Disaccharide

A

double sugar

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81
Q

what is sucrose made of

A

glucose & fructose

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82
Q

polysaccharide

A

Long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers

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83
Q

starch

A

A polysaccharide found in a plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers. curly shape

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84
Q

do animal cells contain starch

A

no

85
Q

glycogen

A

A chain of many glucose monomers. Where access sugar is stored

86
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide in the plants. Straight-chain. protect cells and stiffen the plant, preventing it from flopping over.

87
Q

why can’t animals and people digest cellulose

A

cause they lack the molecule not certain to break the bonds between the glucose monomers

88
Q

fiber

A

passes through the digestive system unchanged

89
Q

lipid

A

water avoiding molecule. Hydrophobic. lipids act a boundary that surrounds and contains the watery contents of your cells. store energy

90
Q

fat

A

three carbon backbone called glycerol attached to three fatty acids. cushion organs and provide body with insulation

91
Q

saturated fat

A

A fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

92
Q

unsaturated fat

A

contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and one or more of it’s fatty acid chains because some of its carbon atoms are double bonded to each other.

93
Q

why are saturated fats unhealthy

A

promote the buildup of lipid containing deposits, called plaques, within the walls of blood vessels. These plaques can reduce blood flow and contribute to heart disease

94
Q

steroid

A

lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms for fused rings.

95
Q

what is made of a long polymer of many glucose in a straight chain

A

cellulose

96
Q

which does not belong with the rest of this list: (lactose, glycogen, triglyceride, glucose)?

A

triglyceride

97
Q

what is the catalyst in our cells

A

enzyme

98
Q

is glucose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide

A

monosaccharide

99
Q

is sucrose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide

A

disaccharide

100
Q

what sugar is found in fruits

A

fructose

101
Q

what is the most acidic pH level possible

A

1

102
Q

how are steroids different from most lipids

A

they are different in structure and function. Some steroid circulating your body is a chemical signal

103
Q

what is the female and male sex hormone

A

estrogen and testosterone

104
Q

do estrogen and testosterone differ

A

have differences in their functional groups.

105
Q

what causes the differences in appearance between male and female

A

The differences in the functional groups of estrogen and testosterone

106
Q

protein

A

polymer constructed from a side of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids.

107
Q

amino acid

A

a monomer that consists of a central Carbon Adam bonded to four partners.

108
Q

it is different about each type of amino acid?

A

the R group that attaches to the fourth bond of the central Carbon.

109
Q

R group

A

The side group that is responsible for the particular chemical properties for each amino acid

110
Q

how do cells create proteins?

A

linking amino acids together into a chain called a polypeptide

111
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

112
Q

in the alphabet analogy what are the letters? what are the words

A

amino acids

proteins

113
Q

I do bacteria/single cell life divide?

A

to make offspring

114
Q

what is the stage where all cells carry out their metabolic process and grow

A

interphase

115
Q

it is the second step of the cell cycle

A

S

116
Q

some organisms have the ability to change color to match their environment. What is this an example of?

A

adaption and evolution

117
Q

which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

A

proton

118
Q

is the substance to the left of the arrow in an equation called!

A

reactant

119
Q

what is an element atomic number the number of?

A

protons

120
Q

what can be radioactive and used to kill cancer and bacteria?

A

isotope

121
Q

when ice melts, is it a representation of a physical or chemical property of water?

A

physical

122
Q

what is the center of an atom that holds the neutrons

A

nucleus

123
Q

what is the symbol for sulfur

A

S

124
Q

what are two molecules with the same molecular formulas but different structures?

A

isomers

125
Q

and what kind of reaction does a polymer breaking down with the input of water

A

hydrolysis

126
Q

what is the valence of oxygen

A

2

127
Q

what is the ability to distinguish between objects before they’ve blurred together

A

resolution

128
Q

1 mm hold how many micrometers?

A

1000

129
Q

what magnifies the outer surface of cells but also kills them?

A

SEM

130
Q

Who invented the first microscope

A

von Leeuwenhoek

131
Q

development

A

The process where life goes through a series of changes when they grow

132
Q

comsumers

A

Life forms that obtain energy from eating food made by plants

133
Q

excrete

A

releasing waste

134
Q

the E of TEM stands for what?

A

electron

135
Q

does burning paper undergoing physical or chemical change? How do you know?

A

it undergoes a chemical change because it’s chemical composition has changed through the burning

136
Q

what stores water in plant cells and keeps them crunchy

A

vacuole

137
Q

what is the liquid part of the cytoplasm called

A

cytosol

174
Q

DNA polymerase

A

makes covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand

175
Q

each gene is like a what

A

sentence

176
Q

transcription

A

DNA nucleotide sequences converted to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule in the process

177
Q

codon

A

hree bases that code for one amino acid

178
Q

centrifuge

A

tool used to separate material by spinning them

179
Q

microtome

A

tool used to slice materials thin for use with microscopes

180
Q

flagella structure

A

Long, thin, wisp like structures.

core of microtubules

181
Q

flagella function

A

enable some cells to move

182
Q

cilia structure and function

A

shorter than flagella.
bundles of microtubules
moves things through cells

183
Q

prophase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes stick together. Tetrads attach to spindles

184
Q

metaphase 1

A

tetrads move to the middle of the cell

185
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate

186
Q

telophase 1

A

chromosomes go to the poles. nuclear envelope forms

187
Q

cholesterol function in membrane

A

makes it fluid

188
Q

Hydrophobic tales

A

help the bilayer be selective

189
Q

hydrophilic in membrane

A

heads
contrast with tail
selective

190
Q

integral proteins

A

A protein that goes through the entire bilayer

191
Q

transport protein

A

hopes substances pass through by diffusion. Substances too big or have a charge might not be able to go through

192
Q

genome

A

The complete set of genetic material in an organism by the order of the DNA

193
Q

histones

A

DNA wraps around small proteins called histones

194
Q

Jumping genes

A

transponons

195
Q

diploid

A

contains 2 sets of homologous chromosomes

196
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

197
Q

haploid

A

single set of chromosomes

198
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

199
Q

A member of a gene pair that determines a specific trait

A

allele

200
Q

mendel

A

father of genetics

201
Q

The law of independent assortment

A

states that each gene pair is inherited independently of the gene pairs for other traits

202
Q

study of heredity

A

genetics

203
Q

condition in which neither of the two genes imaging pair masks the other

A

incomplete dominance

204
Q

start codon

A

aug

205
Q

stop codons

A

uaa uag uga

206
Q

why are there 64 codons

A

there are 64 codons because therefore different you can type possible to make up a three codon amino acid

207
Q

The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during prophase one of meiosis

A

crossing over

208
Q

final essay questions: chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis takes place

farm for food (where food is made)

209
Q

final essay question: mitochondria

A

takes sugar and makes energy available

grocery store. prepares food and makes available for people

210
Q

final essay question: nucleolus

A

stores information like a library

211
Q

final essay question: cell wall

A

keeps plants stiff and supports them

teacher. supports with education/ encourages but keeps inline strict and stiff

314
Q

catalyst

A

compound that speeds up chemical reactions

315
Q

substrate

A

A specific reactance acted upon by an enzyme is an enzyme substrate

316
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells
cells are the basic unit of structure and the function in living things
all cells come from pre existing cells

317
Q

how does cilia help you breathe

A

The cells lining your windpipe of cilia that sweet mucus with traffic debris out of your lungs. The sleeping action helps keep your respiratory system clean and allows air to flow through it smoothly

318
Q

diffusion

A

and that movement of particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated where they are less concentrated

319
Q

equilibrium

A

balance

320
Q

collectively permeable membrane

A

allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether

321
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion across the membrane

322
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

The traffic of sandwich substances can only occurred by way of transport proteins. In this process known as facilitated diffusion, transport proteins provide a pathway for certain molecules pass

323
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane sax that specialize in moving product’s into out oven within itself

324
Q

exosytosis

A

expels molecules from the cell that are too large to pass through the plasma membrane

325
Q

endocytlsis

A

takes matetials into the cell

326
Q

what are the five parts of the fluid mosaic model?

A 
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail
peripheral protein
integral protein (ex.. transport)
cholsetrol
327
Q

function of the peripheral protein

A

recieves signals

328
Q

transport protein

A

helps substances pass through by diffusion. Substances that are too big or have a charge need a transport protein

329
Q

adaption

A

I trait that allows an organism to better survive its environment

330
Q

stimulus response

A

reacting to something in the environment (sound, light, touch)

331
Q

development

A

Progressive change in size shape and function during the life of an organism

332
Q

HOGS EAR DEW

A

homeostasis, organization, growth, stimulus response, evolution, adaption, reproduction, development, excretion

333
Q

compound light microscope

A

common lab microscope, 3000 X, light, 2-D, sees living cells

334
Q

stereomicroscope

A

dissecting microscope, 500 X, light, 3-D, magnifies surface of living

335
Q

SEM

A

scanning microscope, 100,000x, electrons, 3-D, surfaces of cells, kills specimen

336
Q

TEM

A

transmission electron microscope, 300,000x, electrons, 2-D, interior of cells, kills

337
Q

first way to run a test of slime

A

use a microscope to see if the slime is composed of cells. Look for characteristics of life such a cell membrane or possibly a nucleus.

338
Q

Second way to test for characteristics of life on slime

A

living things have stimulus responses. poke to see if it responds in anyway. Before that see if it moves without being stimulated by observing and placing it in an environment that wouldn’t affect its movement

339
Q

third way to test this line

A

see if the slime can maintain constant internal conditions or homeostasis. Measure the temperature of the slime first and then see if it changes or stays the same

340
Q

structural differences of starch and cellulose

A

starch is loopy
cellulose is straight
both glucose monomers

341
Q

differences in the function of starch and cellulose

A

starch- used in plants as a sugar for energy to perform work and use as raw material to build other molecules. Humans and most of their animals are able to use plant start as food by breaking down within their digestive systems

cellulose - protects cells and stiffens the plant so it doesn’t flop over

342
Q

why is it important that starch is the shape that it is

A

so it can move through cells easily

343
Q

importance of cellulose being the shape that it is

A

Great shape stiffens plants. cleans digestive system

344
Q

saturated fat

A

three straight chains of fatty acids that contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms which causes a structural change because the hydrogen makes all single bonds which makes a straight chain. Energy, hormone production, cellular membranes and for organ padding

345
Q

unsaturated fat

A

contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of it’s fatty acid chains. This causes a structural change because the hydrogen makes double bonds which make it so the chains cannot be street. The chains are not straight. Increases fluidity of the membranes

346
Q

tRNA

A

shape allows it to read codons to make amino acids which then make the protein

347
Q

mRNA

A

transcribed from a DNA template. In transcription only one of the DNA strand serve as a template for the newly forming am I in a molecule. I’m on a chance grab Philogene directly serves as a messenger molecule that is translated into a protein

348
Q

DNA replication process

A

two strands of the double helix separate. Each strand produces a new, complementary strand. Nucleotides lineup across from the existing strand as predicted by the base pair rule. & Link the nucleotides together to form the two new DNA strands called daughter strands

349
Q

what is the process of copying the DNA molecule

A

DNA replication

Biology (15 decks)

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