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Body Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

one of millions of tiny sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

A

alveolus

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1
Q

alveolus

A

one of millions of tiny sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

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2
Q

alveoli

A

millions of tiny sacs within the lungs were gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

capillary

A

microscopic blood vessel that carries blood between an artery and a vein, allowing the exchange of substances between the blood and intestinal fluid

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4
Q

urethra

A

tube leading from the urinary bladder through which urine exits the body

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5
Q

diabetes

A

disease in which body cells cannot absorb enough glucose from the blood

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6
Q

the waste made from poisonous nitrogen and is collected by the kidney

A

urea

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7
Q

the amount of heat needed to raise 1 g of water by 1°C

A

calorie

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8
Q

process where the kidneys return water to the blood instead of peeing it out

A

reabsorption

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9
Q

the villi work to

A

absorb nutrients into the blood

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10
Q

The small tubules found in the kidney that filter your blood

A

nephron

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11
Q

what tube leads to the stomach

A

esophagus

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12
Q

The tube that leads from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureter

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13
Q

alveoli

A

sacs where oxygen diffuses into the blood

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14
Q

bronchi

A

branches into lungs

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15
Q

hold vocal cords

A

larynx

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16
Q

tube to lungs

A

trachea

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17
Q

function of the oral cavity and nasal passage

A

humidify and filter

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18
Q

why must we breathe? Where does the oxygen need to go?

A

we need to breed for so respiration. Mitochondria. Oxygen and sugars. Releases ATPs plus water

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19
Q

volume of the cavity is increased so pressure in the cavity is

A

decreased

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20
Q

air enters because there is more or less air pressure?

A

less

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21
Q

liver jobs

A 
involved in digestion
makes bile
makes urea
blood clotting
stores sugar as glycogen
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22
Q

kidney jobs

A

involved in urination
pees urea out
damaged from diabetes
see if the sugar from being urinated out

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23
Q

similarities in kidney and liver

A

filter blood

balance sugar

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24
Q

what blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

artery

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25
Q

structure of artery

A

3 thick layers. no valves

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26
Q

which blood vessel carries blood to the heart?

A

veins

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27
Q

vein structure

A

3 layers of tissue with 1 way valves

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28
Q

which blood vessel exchanges food, waste and gases with body cells?

A

capillaries

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29
Q

capillary structure

A

1 thin layer

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30
Q

proper name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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31
Q

what do erythrocytes carry? what does what they carry bind to?

A

carries hemoglobin which binds to O2 (oxygen)

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32
Q

dead cells used in clotting

A

platelets

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33
Q

proper name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

immune cells

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34
Q

what is plasma made of mostly?

A 
mainly water
proteins
antibodies
fibrin (factor VIII)
cell food
no gases
traveling hormones (LH, Testosterone, insulin)
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35
Q

steps of healing a cut

A

platelets plug
clotting factors reinforce
fibrin acts as a glue
erythrocytes and leukocytes support clot

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36
Q

muscular pump that moves blood

A

heart

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37
Q

“pacemaker”

A

set of nerves that trigger beating of heart

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38
Q

lub dub sound is due to..

A

valves opening and closing

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39
Q

leaky valves make a..

A

heart murmer

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40
Q

arterial spray

A

blood squirt is the effect when an artery, a blood vessel in the human body is cut. Blood-pressure causes the blood to bleed out out in a spray, squirt, jet or gush coinciding with the beatof the heart, rather than the slower, but steady flow of venous bleeding

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41
Q

vitamin/mineral

A

digestion nutrients

vitamins/mineral help enzymes function

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42
Q

urea

A

compound formed in the liver from ammonia/carbon dioxide and excreted primarily by the kidneys

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43
Q

ureter

A

tube extending from each kidney that carries urine to the urinary bladder

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44
Q

endocrine

A

set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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45
Q

amylase/ sodium bicarbonate

A

part of pancreas system

sb- a base, helps neutralize stomach acid

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46
Q

what do the kidneys respond to high levels of? how do they respond?

A

water in the blood

produce a large volume of urine

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47
Q

the three parts of urine

A

urea
water
salts

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48
Q

the way large quantities of insulin can be made to be provided to diabetics

A

genetic engineering

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49
Q

a small circle of DNA found in bacteria that the insulin gene is inserted into

A

plasmid

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50
Q

used to cut dna to insert a gene

A

restriction enzyme

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51
Q

stored in the liver

A

glycogen

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52
Q

type of diabetes usually found in children

A

type 1

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53
Q

the three main functions of the kidney are to:

A

filter wastes
regulate the composition of solutes in the urine
conserve water

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54
Q

the kidney is made of millions of tiny units called…

A

nephrons

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55
Q

nephrons are made up of..

A

glomerulus
tubules
collecting duct

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56
Q

what do the different part of the nephrons work together to do?

A

work together to convert substances filtered from the blood into urine

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57
Q

what forces plasma from the blood into a cup like part of the nephron

A

blood pressure

solutes like urea, sodium ions and glucose enter the nephron

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58
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

pancreas dumps it in small intestine

neutralize the stomach acid in intestine

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59
Q

type 1 and 2

A

type 1: cant make insulin. bad genes or immune system destroyed it. diet. more common in children.
type 2: no longer responds to insulin. due to obesity/not enoug exercise. later in life. makes insulin but not enough

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60
Q

leaky cardiac valve

A

causes heart burn

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61
Q

glucagon

A

made by pancreas
Goes to liver and tells the liver to take glycogen (polymer made of glucose.
insulin tells you to open doorway and store glucose in liver. stores as glycogen.

62
Q

insulin store
glucose is release
so they are

A

opposites

63
Q

glycogen is broken down to make

A

glucose

64
Q

fibrin

A

made by liver
clotting protein
acts as glue. fills in creases

65
Q

blood from body. drop off to oxygen. needs more. blood goes to right atrium. no oxygen. goes to right atrium. door slams. still no oxygen. goes to lungs. gets oxygen. now it has food and oxygen. goes back to body now because it has everyone you want in it. goes to left atrium. aorta (tube) sends it to the body.

A

steps of blood

66
Q

exhalation

A

exhaling is when pressure is decreased. ribs go down diaphragm goes up. air leaves lungs through trachea

67
Q

split parts of trachea that connect to each lung

A

bronchi

68
Q

each alveoli has to have what to carry the oxygen?

A

capillaries

69
Q

function of rectum

A

last part of large intestine. holds fesses

70
Q

liver sends poisons urea to kidneys. filtration = anything small leaves blood and goes to kidneys. anything small goes to kidneys including the urea, salts, sugars, water. reabsorbs sugar, water,
things filtration misses is secretion which happens in tube. medicine. alch. drugs. what you secret will ultimately be peed out.

A

:-)

71
Q

saves water

A

adh

72
Q

food you cant digest

A

pooping

73
Q

e.coli and cellulose

A

most of feeces

74
Q

calorie

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water by 1 degree Celsius. however, I calorie is such a tiny unit of energy that it is not very practical for measuring the energy content of food. Instead, people usually express energy and food in kilo calories. 1 kg calorie (kcal) equals 1000 calories. the “calories” are shown on s food labdl are actually kilocalories.

75
Q

why use kilocalories to measure instead of calorie?

A

I calorie is such a tiny unit of energy that it is not very practical for measuring the energy content of food. Instead, people usually express energy and food and kilo calories

76
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate. cell energy

77
Q

stomach

A

elastic, muscular sac where some chemical and some mechanical digestion take place

78
Q

pacemaker

A

specific region of the heart that sets the rate at which the heart contracts

79
Q

pancreas

A

gland that makes digestive enzymes and secrets them into the small intestine; makes the hormones glucagon and insulin and secretes them into the blood

80
Q

vein

A

vessel that returns blood to the heart

81
Q

villus/villi

A

finger like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine that functions in absorbing nutrients

82
Q

how do all heterotrophs obtain nutrients?

A

food

83
Q

what does your body use raw material to make?

A

uses to build tissue

fuel cellular work

84
Q

six kinds of nutrients in food

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

85
Q

why must food be broken down?

A

contains large, complex molecules. These large molecules, such as starch and other polymers, are too big to pass through the membranes into the cells where they are needed. In addition, the polymers are not the same polymers that make up your body. For example, the cheese on a slice of pizza is partially made up of proteins. These cheese proteins are polymers that can’t be used as is by your cells. Instead, the cheese proteins must be broken down into their basic building blocks (monomers)- amino acids.

86
Q

the act of eating or drinking

A

ingestion

87
Q

the process of how your body obtains raw materials from food

A

nutrition

88
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. polysaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars)

89
Q

steps of digestion

A 
mechanical digestion (chewing/churning.) smaller pieces, increasing its surface area, this improves effectiveness of second step
chemical digestion. breaks the chemical bonds within the large molecules that make up food, producing smaller building block molecules. acids and enzymes in your stomach.
90
Q

absorption

A

certain cells take up (absorb) the small molecules. the circulatory system then transports the nutrients throughout the body

91
Q

elimination

A

undigested materials pass out of the body in this stage

92
Q

four stages of food processing

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

93
Q

where does digestion occur?

A

tube called alimentary canal. food moves in one direction through the alimentary canal, which is organized into special regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a step-by-step process. Food enters the canal through the mouth and waste leaves through the anus. However, the alimentary canal is much longer than the distance between these two openings. For instance a person 1.8 m tall can have a 9 m elementary canal. The tube that fits inside the body because portions wind and loop the back-and-forth.

94
Q

pH of juices in the stomach

A

pH of 2

dissolve iron nails

95
Q

enough new cells are generated through what to completely replace your stomach lining every three days

A

mitosis

96
Q

which six main organs make up the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and a large intestine

97
Q

which glands/organs secrete digestive juices

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

98
Q

mouth/oral cavity

A

The mouth functions both in a ingestion and in the beginning of digestion. Mechanical and Chemical digestion both begin in your mouth.

99
Q

what do teeth do?

A

Teeth and tongue are responsible for mechanical digestion. The various shapes of different types of teeth cut, smash, and grind food into smaller pieces. This makes the food easier to swallow and exposes more surface area to digestive enzymes.

100
Q

salivary glands

A

salivary glands in your mouth region secrete more than one liter of liquid. this liquid, called saliva, contains digestive enzymes, mucus, and other chemicals.

101
Q

saliva

A

contains digestive enzymes, and mucus, and other chemicals. The salivary enzyme called amylase begins the chemical digestion of the polysaccharide starch. The main product of amylase are smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose. Other chemicals in saliva kill bacteria and neutralize certain acids in foods, protecting your teeth from decay.

102
Q

amylase

A

amylase begins the chemical digestion of the polysaccharide starch. The main product of amylase are smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose.

found in mouth and pancreas

103
Q

bolus

A

chewed clump of food

104
Q

tongue function

A

pushes bolus down the throat

105
Q

pharynx

A

upper portion of the throat

passageway by which air enters the lungs

106
Q

epiglottis

A

when you swallow, a cartilage flap called the epiglottis temporarily seals off the airway and prevents food from entering the lungs

107
Q

esophagus

A

A long, muscle incased tube. connects pharynx to the stomach. Oriented vertically in the body, gravity is not the reason the food moves towards your stomach. Food is pushed through the esophagus by a series of muscle contractions called peristalsis

108
Q

why is gravity not the reason food goes down the esophagus?

A

if that were the case, astronauts would not be able to eat or drink in space where there is zero gravity

109
Q

peristalsis

A

pushed through the esophagus by a series of muscle contractions
The muscles at the very top of the esophagus are strained (voluntary), which means that swallowing may begin voluntarily. But the muscle layer’s around the rest of the esophagus are smooth, (involuntary). Once a bolus of food reaches the pharynx, the smooth muscle triggers the swallowing reflex. The smooth muscles contract in a wavelike motion that forces the bolus of food toward the stomach.

110
Q

mouth - throat

A

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach

111
Q

an elastic, muscular sac capable of stretching to hold up to two lieters

A

stomach

112
Q

gastrix juice

A

A liquid secreted by glands in the stomach lining, bathes the bolus after it enters the stomach. Gastric juice is a mixture of mucus, HCl, and enzymes.

113
Q

HCL

A

hydrochloric acid

114
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

parts of the gastric juice. Hydrochloric acid breaks apart the cells in food. It also kills many of the bacteria swallowed with food. One of the gastric enzymes, pepsin, hydrolyzes large protein molecules into smaller polypeptides

115
Q

pepsin

A

gastric enzyme

hydrolyzes large protein molecules into smaller polypeptides

116
Q

chyme

A

mechanical digestion turns the bolus into an acidic liquid called chyme. stomach muscles contract, creating a churning motion that stirs the time and eventually forces the chyme into the small intestine

117
Q

when is the passageway between the esophagus and stomach suppose to open?

A

and peristalsis delivers a bolus

118
Q

heartburn

A

when the passageway (cardiac sphincter) opens at inappropriate times, allowing acidic chyme to flow back words into the esophagus. This creates the burning sensation

119
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine

2-6 hours for stomach to empty

120
Q

small intestine

A

A long, narrow tube where digestion is completed and absorption of most nutrients takes place. Peristalsis moves chyme along the small intestine. Digestion mostly occurs in the first portion of the small intestine, while absorption occurs along the rest of its length.

121
Q

first section of small intestine

A

duodenum

122
Q

bile

A

produced outside of the small intestine by the body’s largest internal organ, the liver. Bile is stored in a saclike structure called the gallbladder until it is secreted into the duodenum. Although bile contains no enzymes, it contain substances that help prepare fats such as those in butter and such for digestion. Fats tend to clump together into globs, making it difficult for enzymes to reach the molecules. Bile separates small fat droplets, preventing them into clumping into globs. this enables digestive enzymes to break in the fats down the more effectively

123
Q

where is bile stored?

A

Bile is stored in a saclike structure called the gallbladder

124
Q

gallbladder

A

saclike structure where bile is stored

125
Q

largest internal body organ

A

liver

126
Q

how does bile work of it contains no enzymes?

A

Although bile contains no enzymes, it contain substances that help prepare fats such as those in butter and such for digestion.

127
Q

why is bile essential in digestion?

A

Fats tend to clump together into globs, making it difficult for enzymes to reach the molecules. Bile separates small fat droplets, preventing them into clumping into globs. this enables digestive enzymes to break in the fats down the more effectively

128
Q

produces and secretes pancreatic juice into that duodendum. Pancreatic juice neutralizes the acid chyme and also contains enzymes that hydrolyze carbohydrates, proteins, lipids. Other pancreatic enzymes, along with enzymes secreted by the lining of the small intestine, complete the chemical digestion of food

A

pancreas

129
Q

end result of digestion

A

carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. providrs cells with a source of energy. individual amino acids

130
Q

The wall of the small intestine is folded into many small projections called

A

villi

131
Q

what are the inner foldings of the small intestine? what do they do?

A

villi

increase the surface area for absorption

132
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

adds a base to neutralize

133
Q

pancreas

A

organ that helps digestion and makes hormones. it makes: sodium bicarbonate, amylase, trypsin/chymotrypsin, enzymes and neutralize for digestion

134
Q

large intestion

A

aka colon, a large tube that surrounds the small intestine. E. Coli symbiont produces vitamin K. the large intestine absorbs water, vitamins and minerals

135
Q

filtration

A

the 1st step og urine excretion.

136
Q

long tubules in the kidney that filters urea, salts and water from the blood to make urinary excretion

A

nephron

137
Q

endocrine system

A

set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

138
Q

pituitary releases..

A

FSH, LH, Growth hormone, adh

139
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

anti peeing that tells the kidney to stop releasing water; stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

140
Q

tells liver to store as sugar

A

insulin

141
Q

your pancreas does not make enough insulin do the sugar goes into the blood. you pee out sugar and destroy the kidneys

A

diabetes

142
Q

thyroid

A 
releases thyroxine
stimulates metabolism (in the throat)
143
Q

adrenal

A

re,eases adrenaline, which increases “energy” by increasing blood sugar and heart rate
above lungs

144
Q

metabolism things

A

thyroid and adrenal

145
Q

stores solid waste, temporary storage for feces

A

rectum

146
Q

atrium

A

the two upper chambers that pump blood out of the heart. they have thicker muscular walls that enable them to pump blood throughout the body

147
Q

where does blood travel after blood from the lungs gathers in the left atrium and flow to the left ventricle

A

it travels to the aorta

148
Q

aorta

A

the artery that supplies oxygen rich blood to all the body

149
Q

diaphragm

A

a sheet if muscle, which forms the bottom walk of the chest cavity and plays a role in breathing

150
Q

steps of inhalation

A

air enters
the rib cage expands as the rib muscles contract
the diaphragm contracts and moves down

pressure decreases

151
Q

steps of exhalation

A

the rib cage moves down and in
the lungs get smaller
the diaphragm

pressure increases

152
Q

dendrites

A

numerous fiber branchings that recieve signals

153
Q

major function of the large intestine

A

reabsorb water

Biology (15 decks)

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