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Bacteria through Binomes quiz Flashcards

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0
Q

what does Archaea mean

A

ancient

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1
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotes that live in some of the most extreme environments on Earth
Same structures since ancient times

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2
Q

what do archaeans tell us about earths early conditions?

A

very extreme/harsh

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3
Q

Extremeophiles

A

thrives in extreme/harsh conditions

general

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4
Q

thermophiles

A

thrives in extremely heated environment
(yellowstone national park/deep sea vents)
more specialized

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5
Q

Halophiles

A

thrive in salty conditions

sea water evaporating ponds/salt lake

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6
Q

examples of oxygen free environments where some Archaeans can live

A

mud

bottom of lakes/swamps (produce bubbles of swamp gas)

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7
Q

where do less extreme archaeans often live?

A

cool seawater

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8
Q

diverged from ancient prokaryotic ancestors

A

bacteria and archaeans

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9
Q

who is more similar to eukaryotes: bacteria or archaeans? why?

A

archaeans

they have a cell structure more similar to a eukaryotic cell. similar cell wall. less primitive than bacteria

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10
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tiny microbe bacterium that invades the lungs and causes tuberculosis.

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11
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A

bacteria that causes strep throat

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12
Q

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

A

lives in the intestines and releases certain vitamins are important to health

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13
Q

characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

A

mostly unicellular
lacks a nucleus and most other organelles
DNA is concentrated in an area called the nucleoid region (not separated by a membrane)

bacteria and archaea

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14
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain nuclei that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell. Like the prokaryotic, many protists and certain fungi are unicellular and microscopic in size. But other protists, most fungi, and all animals and plants are multicellular.

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15
Q

protist

A

eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus

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16
Q

protozoan

A

Animallike protist; is a heterotroph

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17
Q

what do some species of soil bacteria do?

A

invert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to nitrogen containing compounds that plants can absorb from the soil. Plants use these nitrogen containing compounds to build proteins.

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18
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotic organisms that differ from Archaeans because of different cell structure and chemical makeup. uses different RNA polymerase, the enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of RNA. lack introns.

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19
Q

differences between bacteria and Archaeans

A

bacteria polymerases are relatively small and simple, while archaean polymerase is our complex and similar to those of eukaryotes. Intron’s, the non-coding regions of genes, and are absent in bacteria. Certain antibiotics kill bacteria but have no effect on archaeans. bacterial cell walls contain a polymer called peptidoglycan (not in eukaryotes or archaeans)

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20
Q

how did biologists identify and distinguish bacteria

A

cell shape
cell structure
cell motility

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21
Q

three basic shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spirochetes

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22
Q

cocci (singular coccus)

A

spherical bacteria (like the one that causes pneumonia)

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23
Q

bacilli (singular bacillus)

A

rod shapes bacteria (E. coli)

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24
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral shaped bacteria.

Bacterium that causes syllabus and other that causes Lyme disease

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25
Q

domain

A

broadest category used to classify lifeforms

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26
Q

function of the cell wall

A

maintains the cell shape and protects the cell

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27
Q

two types of bacteria cell wall

A
  1. ) composed mostly of peptidoglycan

2. ) less peptidoglycan & additional additional outer membrane

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28
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides.

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29
Q

Gram staining

A

test used it to find what kind of cell wall bacteria has

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30
Q

motile prokaryotes

A

motile prokaryotes that can move toward or away from chemical and physical signals in their environment.
They might, move towards food, light, or oxygen and away from toxic substances

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31
Q

binary fission

A

The division of prokaryotic’s (how they reproduce)
all genetically identical (clones)
The DNA copies move to opposite ends of the cell as the cell splits in the middle. Binary fission is much simpler than the process of mitosis that occurs and you caryopsis. This is another important difference itching prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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32
Q

transformation

A

in transformation, some bacteria take up pieces of DNA from the environment. Such pieces of DNA might come from nearby bacteria that have died.

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33
Q

conjugation

A

two bacterial cells temporarily join and directly transfer genetic material between them. Conjugation usually involves plasmids, separate rings of DNA apart from the cells main chromosome.

34
Q

transduction

A

transduction involves viruses that in fact bacteria (bacteriophages). These viruses carry genes from one cell and inject them into another.

35
Q

endospores

A

specialized resting cells that can be made inside of bacteria to help them survive harsh conditions.

36
Q

mode of nutrition

A

phrase a mode of nutrition describes how organisms obtain energy and carbon atoms.

37
Q

autotroph

A

obtain carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.

38
Q

heterotroph

A

obtain’s carbon from existing organic molecules such as those in food

39
Q

photo

A

obtain light energy

40
Q

chemo

A

obtain energy from chemicals

41
Q

Photoautotroph (Photosynthesizers)

A

Energy source is sunlight and carbon source is direct CO2

42
Q

chemoautotroph

A

energy source is inorganic chemicals and carbon source is CO2

43
Q

photoheterotroph

A

energy source is sunlight and carbon source is organic compounds

44
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

energy source in organic compounds

carbon source is organic compounds

45
Q

obligate aerobe

A

An aerobe that requires oxygen for aerobic respiration.

46
Q

aerobe

A

a microorganism that grows in the presence of air or requires oxygen for growth.

47
Q

anaerobe

A

an organism that grows without air, or requires oxygen-free conditions to live.

48
Q

cyanobacteria

A

Group of bacteria that generates oxygen as a waste product of their photosynthesis

49
Q

bioremedation

A

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil

50
Q

pathogens

A

bacteria and other micro organisms that can cause disease

51
Q

ecology

A

The study of the interactions between lifeforms and their regions

52
Q

biosphere

A

The region of earth where life exists

53
Q

biomes

A

specific regions of earth identified by the climate and their life forms

54
Q

desert climate

A

Hot, dry

55
Q

desert vegetation

A

cacti, succulents

56
Q

grasslands climate

A

seasonal droughts, occasional fires, less water and lower temperatures than savannas

57
Q

tropical rain forest climate

A

high temperature heavy rainfall

58
Q

tropical rainforest vegetation

A

tall trees

59
Q

savanna climate

A

tropical high temperature. Less rainfall than tropical rain forest

60
Q

savanna vegetation

A

grasslands scattered trees

61
Q

deciduous forest climate

A

warm summers
cold winters
moderate precipitation

62
Q

deciduous trees

A

deciduous forest vegetation

63
Q

kiniffurnace forest climate

A

Cold winters. Heavy snowfall. Cone bearing trees

64
Q

arctic tundra

A

very cold winters
permafrost
high winds
little rainfall

65
Q

chapparel

A

mostly warm

mountainy deserty

66
Q

Protista

A

on the most unicellular, most asexual, half consumers half producers

67
Q

plant like protista

A

seaweed kelp algae

68
Q

fungi like protists

A

slime molds

69
Q

fungus food

A

heterotrophic decomposers

70
Q

mycelium

A

Long continuous thread of Fungus cells

71
Q

reproduction of fungus

A

asexual. Uses spores

72
Q

what is the Fungus cell wall made of

A

chitin

73
Q

stomata

A

where gas exchange occurs on the leaves

74
Q

phloem

A

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

75
Q

xylem

A

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem

76
Q

hyphae

A

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.

77
Q

cladogram

A

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group

78
Q

plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.

79
Q

climatograph

A

A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location. It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location.

80
Q

decomposer

A

an organism, esp. a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material for food

81
Q

cladistics

A

The classification which uses shared derived characters to make a cladogram

82
Q

outgroup

A

pCs that have more ancestral characters with respect to the other organisms being compared

83
Q

nodes

A

and nodes where the branches originate represent a common ancestor

Biology (15 decks)

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