test 4 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

fluid portion of the blood with dissolved solutes and plasma proteins

plasma

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determine the blood colloid osmotic pressure which is very important in the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells

plasma proteins

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most abundant in the makeup of blood; transport proteins

albumin

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in the makeup of blood, some transport, some are immunoglobulins (antibodies) that play a significant role in defense and immunity; alpha, beta, and gamma types

globulins

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in the makeup of blood and is important for clot formation

fibrinogen

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“cells” of the blood (some are not actually cells); formed by hemopoiesis (AKA hematopoiesis)

formed elements

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red blood cells; contain hemoglobin; do not have a nucleus; have a biconcave shape

erythrocytes

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what is the lifespan of erythrocytes

120 days

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the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood; affected by: dehydration (increases hematocrit), sex (male hematocrit greater than female), blood doping (increases hematocrit), bleeding (lowers hematocrit), and altitude (eventually increased hematocrit)

hematocrit

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low blood oxygen level, low hemoglobin levels, and/or low red blood cell count triggers the release of EPO that stimulates erythrocyte production

erythropoietin

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determined by antigen present on erythrocytes and antibodies present in plasma

blood typing

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what happens in blood transfusions when blood types are incompatible

causes agglutination and hemolysis

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clumping of RBCs

agglutination

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rupturing of RBCs

hemolysis

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blood type that has A surface antigens on RBC and anti-B antibodies in plasma

type A blood

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blood type that has B surface antigens on RBC and antibodies in plasma

type B blood

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blood type that has A and B surface antigens on RBS and neither of the antibodies “universal receiver”

type AB blood

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blood type that has neither surface antigen and anti-a and anti-b antibodies in plasma “universal donor”

type O blood

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if Rh factor is present on red blood cells what does that mean?

it means the blood type is + (positive)

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if Rh factor is not present on red blood cells what does that mean?

it means the bloody type is - (negative)

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white blood cells; important in defense and immunity; smaller and less numerous than red blood cells and have a nucleus; formed through leukopoiesis; have ameboid movements and can migrate out of blood vessels

leukocytes

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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are known collectively as what?

granulocytes

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most abundant of white blood cells; first responders to injury of infection; high numbers in bacterial infections

neutrophils

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type of granulocyte whose numbers increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

eosinophils

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type of granulocyte that release histamine and heparin to promote inflammation

basophils

lymphocytes and monocytes are collectively known as

agranulocytes

type of agranulocyte that is very important in defense and immunity against pathogens and abnormal body cells

lymphocytes

type of agranulocyte that migrates out of the blood to become macrophages in tissues

monocytes

cell fragments formed through thrombopoiesis

platelets

what is the lifespan of platelets

8 days

what are the stages of hemostasis

vascular spasm (constriction of vessel), platelet plug (platelets stick to collagen fibers at injury site), coagulation (process of clot formation)

initiated by tissue damage within the vessel

intrinsic pathway

initiated by trauma outside the vessel that causes blood to escape the vessel

extrinsic pathway

what is needed for proper function of clotting factors

vitamin k

blood flow between the heart and lungs; sends deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart

pulmonary circuit

blood flow between the hearth and the rest of the body cells; sends oxygenated blood to tissue cells and brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart

systemic circuit

pacemaker of the hearth; sets the rhythm for contraction - electrical signals start here and travel tot he AV node

SA node

at the AV node the atria contract before the ventricles where the signal passes to the _________

AV bundle

what is the conducting system of the heart regulated by

the cardiac control center in medulla oblongata

sodium ions (Na+) rush into the cardiac muscle through fast voltage-gated sodium ion channels

depolarization

potassium (K+ ions leave the cardiac muscle cell through voltage-gated channels; calcium ions (Ca2+) slowly enter the muscle cell through slow voltage gated calcium ion channels

plateau phase

calcium ion channels close, but potassium ion channels remain open

repolarization

the period of time that another action potential cannot be produced no matter how strong the stimulus is; much longer in the cardiac muscle than the skeletal muscle

absolute refractory period

can tetany occur in cardiac muscle?

how can electrical events of the heart be recorded

using an ECG

electrical event in an ECG that indicate atrial depolarization

P wave

electrical event in an ECG that indicates ventricular depolarization; atrial repolarization occurs within this wave as well

QRS complex

electrical event in an ECG that indicates ventricular repolarization

T wave

during ventricular relaxation when ventricles continue to relax and both sets of valves are closed

isovolumetric relaxation

the amount of blood pumped from the lest ventricle per beat

stroke volume

the amount of blood in the ventricle immediately after ventricular systole (contraction)

end systolic volume (ESV)

the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole or immediately after ventricular diastole is known as

end diastolic volume (EDV)

arteries found close to the heart and can accommodate pressure peaks an valleys associated with heartbeat

elastic arteries

known as distribution arteries

muscular arteries

arterioles that can dilate or constrict to regulate blood flow

resistance vessels

capillaries where gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. can pass between blood and cells

exchange vessels

endothelial cells of capillary are close together

continuous capillaries

capillaries that have pores that allow larger substances to pass trhough

fenestrated capillaries

capillaries that have large gaps between cells to allow proteins and formed elements through

sinuoids

connect capillaries to veins

venules

reduction in blood flow that causes inadequate tissue O2 levels

ischemia

resting heart rate less than 60 bpm

bradycardia

resting heart rate more than 100 bpm

tachycardia

uncoordinated contractions of the heart

fibrillation

damage to AV node

AV node block

present from birth and block or attack any invading agent; not specific for any particular antigen

innate immunity AKA nonspecific defense AKA non specific immunity

first line of cellular defense

phagocytes

example of a phagocyte; is the most numerous of the white blood cells and the first to respond to an injury site or inflammatory response

neutrophils

example of a phagocyte; resides in issues and engulfs pathogens

macrophages

responsible for immune surveillance which releases cytotoxic chemicals that destroy unwanted cells

natural kill t-cells

type of white blood cell that destroys parasites

eosinophils

a type of cytokine that is released from virus-infected cells-stimulate healthy cells to produce anti-viral proteins to inhibit viral replication and division`

interferons

assist antibodies in destroying pathogens; integrates innate and adaptive immune responses

complement system

occurs in vascularized tissue to limit the spread of injury or infection

inflammation

beneficial phenomenon that raises body temperature to stimulate cell repair and fight infection

fever

specific immunity - develops after birth in response to exposure to antigens

adaptive immunity

primarily combats virally infected cells, transplants, and cancer cells

T lymphocytes

primarily combats bacterial infections through antibodies

B lymphocytes

ability of antibodies and complements to enhance phagocytosis

opsonization

requires exposure to the antigen

active immunity

receiving antibodies against an antigen from another source

passive immunity

the first time a person is exposed to a pathogen

primary response

the second time a person is exposed to the same antigen

secondary response

lymphocytes fail to recognize normal, self antigens an attack body tissues

autoimmune

the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle per minute

cardiac output

how to calculate cardiac output

CO = HR * SV

bulk flow of liquid out of the blood into the interstitial fluid; occurs on the arterial end of the capillary

filtration

bulk flow of fluid back into the blood from interstitial fluid; occurs on venous end of capillary

reabsoroption

force exerted by blood on the wall of the capillary; promotes filtration (forces fluid out of the capillary); highest on the arterial end of the capillary, lowest on venous end; large influence on net hydrostatic pressure

blood hydrostatic pressure

force exerted by fluid in interstitial space; opposes filtration

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid

edema

force per unit area of blood against vessel wall

blood pressure

what is blood pressure affected by?

cardiac output, cardiac rate, vasocontriciton

how to measure arterial blood pressure

cardiac output * total peripheral resistance

blood pressure is ______ in the arteries and the _______ in the veins

highest, lowest

how to measure pulse pressure

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

how to measure mean arterial pressure

diastolic pressure +1/3 pulse pressure

which type of hypertension do most people have

essential hypertension

what type of hypertension is a symptom of another disease

secondary hypertension

circulatory shock from low blood volume due to injury, burn, or dehydration

hypovolemic

circulatory shock from low blood pressure resulting from infection

septic

circulatory shock from myocardial infarction

cardiogenic

circulatory shock from severe allergic reaction

anaphylactic

circulatory shock from loss of sympathetic activity from spinal cord injury

neurogenic

cardiac output is too low to maintain blood flow to tissues

congestive heart failure