test 1: ch1 Flashcards
the study of the function; the study of how parts of the body work independently and/or with each other
physiology
process scientists use to form hypotheses or laws, test them, and form scientific theories; starts with observations
scientific method
may be formed from supported hypotheses
theory
maintenance of a constant, optimal internal environment; termed coined by Walter Cannon
homeostasis
the order of the homeostasis mechanism:
stimulus -> receptor or sensor -> integrating center -> effector
change from normal conditions
stimulus
detects stimulus
receptor or sensor
processes information and formulates response
integrating center
causes change
effector
response by effector that negates or opposes the original stimulus
negative feedback/antagonistic response
response by effector that enhances original stimulus
positive feedback
examples of positive feedback
blood clotting, uterine contractions during childbirth
examples of negative feedback
body temp (if it rises, body works to lower it and vice versa)
regulation where cells within organ process stimulus and elicit change (within)
intrinsic regualtion
regulation that involves nervous and/or endocrine systems (out of)
extrinsic regulation
groups of cells working together toward a common function
primary tissues
covering and lining tissue type, forms glands; functions in protection, secretion, absorption, and diffusion
epithelial tissue
type of tissue that is attached to connective tissues at the bottom by basement membrane; has a free (apical) surface
directional
glands that secrete hormones into blood or interstitial fluid; do not have ducts
endocrine glands
glands that secrete chemicals onto epithelial surfaces/membranes through ducts
exocrine glands
composed of two or more tissue types
organs
organs working together toward a common function
system
fluid inside the cell – approximately 67% of body fluid
intracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell – approximately 33% of body fluid (blood plasma and interstitial fluid)
extracellular fluid
tissue that is in several locations; functions to support, protect, cushion, and transport
connective tissue
what are the different types of connective tissues?
loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood
osteblasts
build new bone
ostecytes
mature bone cells
type of connective tissue around organs and in the skin
loose
examples of this connective tissue are tendons and ligaments
dense
type of connective tissue that is used for protecting organs and insulating the body
adipose
type of tissue that is specialized for contraction
muscle tissue
what are the different types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
type of muscle tissue that is voluntary and striated; attached to bones
skeletal
type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and striated; in the heart wall
cardiac
type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and non-striated; in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
smooth
type of tissue that functions in communication by means of action potentials (electrical impulses)
nervous tissue
type of cell in nervous tissue that transmit the electrical impulses (have dendrites, cell body, and axon)
neurons
type of cell in nervous tissue that support the neurons
neuroglia
