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physiology > test 2 ch8 > Flashcards

test 2 ch8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest part of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

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2
Q

why is the cerebral cortex important?

A

because sensory info must reach it for us to become consciously aware of the sensation

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3
Q

what does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

A

controls movements on left side of the body

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4
Q

what does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

controls movements on the right side of the body

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5
Q

how do the hemispheres of the brain communicate with eachother?

A

they communicate across the corpus callosum

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6
Q

known as when certain tasks are usually done by a specific hemisphere

A

cerebral lateralization

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7
Q

what tasks are associated with the right hemisphere?

A

music composition, visual-spatial awareness, map reading

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8
Q

what tasks are associated with the left hemisphere?

A

language and speech, writing, calculations

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9
Q

what divides the brain anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

the central sulcus

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10
Q

an area of the brain that is located in the frontal lobe and is the location of the primary motor cortex

A

pre-central gyrus

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11
Q

area of the brain that is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle movements

A

primary motor cortex

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12
Q

an area of the brain that is located in the parietal lobe, it is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

post-central gyrus

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13
Q

are of the brain where somesthetic information needs to come for us to be able to become consciously aware of it (touch, pain, temperature)

A

somatosensory cortex

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14
Q

the lobe of the brain that is in charge of higher-order brain functions (concentration, decision-making, learning), personality, voluntary skeletal movements, and verbal communication

A

frontal lobe

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15
Q

an area on the LEFT frontal lobe of the brain that is responsible for motor actions of speech

A

the left frontal lobe (known as Broca’s speech area)

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16
Q

lobe of the brain the is in charge of somesthetic interpretation, interpretation of shapes and textures

A

parietal lobe

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17
Q

an area on the LEFT parietal lobe that is in charge of understanding speech and formulating words of expression

A

Wernicke’s area

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18
Q

lobe of the brain that is in charge of vision

A

occipital lobe

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19
Q

lobe of the brain that is responsible for audition (hearing), and olfaction (smell), it also stores visual and auditory memories

A

temporal lobe

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20
Q

lobe of the brain that in charge of taste and is involved in memory

A

Insula

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21
Q

test that can read brain waves in the cerebral cortex

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)

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22
Q

where is an alpha wave seen?

A

in an awake and relaxed brain

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23
Q

where is a beta wave seen?

A

with visual stimulation and mental activity

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24
Q

where is a theta wave seen?

A

(T=toddler) its seen in children, abnormal if seen in an awake adult but it is seen in REM sleep

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25
Q

where is a delta wave seen?

A

seen in deep sleep; indicative of brain damage in an awake adult

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26
Q

help regulate skeletal muscle motor movement (connected to frontal lobe), located in the cerebrum, consists of lentiform and caudate nuclei, and is part of the extrapyramidal system

A

basal nuclei

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27
Q

system that consists of cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and hypothalamus in diencephalon; is responsible for emotions

A

limbic system

28
Q

which part of the limbic system is responsible for aggression?

A

areas in the amygdala and hypothalamus

29
Q

which part of the limbic system is responsible for fear?

A

amygdala and hypothalamus

30
Q

which part of the limbic system is responsible for hunger/satiety?

A

hypothalamus

31
Q

which part of the limbic system is responsible for sex drive?

A

the whole system

32
Q

which part of the limbic system is responsible for goal-directed behaviors?

A

hypothalamus and other regions

33
Q

very-short term memory, involves prefrontal cortex

A

working memory

34
Q

memory of recent events

A

short-term memory

35
Q

how is short-term memory converted to long-term memory?

A

consolidation

36
Q

consolidation requires what type of sleep?

A

REM sleep

37
Q

where does consolidation occur?

A

in the medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, and amygdala

38
Q

memory of skills like tying shoes

A

non-declarative memory

39
Q

memory of things that can be verbalized (semantic or episodic)

A

declarative memory

40
Q

what does semantic refer to?

A

facts

41
Q

what does episodic refer to?

A

events

42
Q

part of the diencephalon that contains pineal gland that secretes the hormone melatonin

A

epithalamus

43
Q

part of the diencephalon that is a relay station for sensory information coming into the brain; all sensory information (except olfaction) goes through this part of the diencephalon first before reaching the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

44
Q

part of the diencephalon that has many functions: hunger and thirst centers, regulation of body temperature, regulation of sleep/wakefulness, sexual arousal and performance, emotions (fear, anger, pain, pleasure), controls the endocrine system, and releases regulatory hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

part of the brain in the diencephalon that releases regulatory hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

part of the brain in the diencephalon that produces ADH and oxytocin (in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) that travel along neurons to the posterior pituitary for release

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

nuclei in the midbrain that is responsible for visual reflexes

A

superior colliculi

48
Q

nuclei in the midbrain that is responsible for auditory reflexes

A

inferior colliculi

49
Q

nuclei in the midbrain that is responsible for muscle movement

A

substantia nigra and red nucleus

50
Q

nuclei in the midbrain that that is responsible for reticular activating system and movement

A

reticular information

51
Q

area of the hindbrain that is the location of sensory and motor tracts to/from spinal cord; and contains two respiratory control centers

A

pons

52
Q

area of the hindbrain that is involved in motor control (especially fine motor), inhibits the primary motor cortex to fine-tun movements for balance and coordination, receives input from proprioceptors

A

cerebellum

53
Q

area of the hindbrain that has the vasomotor center (blood vessel), the cardiac center (heart), and the respiratory rhythmicity center (works with pons to reg. breathing)

A

medulla oblongata

54
Q

center in the medulla oblongata that controls blood vessel diameter

A

vasomotor center

55
Q

center in the medulla oblongata that that regulates heart rate

A

cardiac center

56
Q

center in the medulla oblongata that works with pons to regulate breathing

A

respiratory rhythmicity center

57
Q
  • a system located in the brainstem (pons)
  • neurons are part of reticular information
  • connections to thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
A

reticular activating system (RAS)

58
Q

what happens at the inhibition of the reticular activating system

A

sleep

59
Q

what happens at the activation of the reticular activating system

A

arousal from sleep; consciously aware of stimuli

60
Q

what happens at the failure of the reticular activating system

A

narcolepsy

61
Q

what are ascending tracts?

A

they carry SENSORY information UP to the brain

62
Q

what are descending tracts?

A

they carry MOTOR information DOWN from the brain

63
Q
  • a part of the peripheral nervous system
  • most nerves here are mixed (both motor and sensory) while some are only sensory
  • there are 12 types of these nerves
A

cranial nerves

64
Q
  • a part of the peripheral nervous system
  • all are mixed nerves (sensory and motor)
  • split into dorsal (sensory) root and ventral (motor) root near spinal cord
A

spinal nerves

65
Q

steps of ______ ____ involving the spinal cord:
- stimulus receptor
- activation of sensory neuron
- information processing by spinal cord activation
- activation of motor neuron
- response by effector

A

reflex arcs

physiology (14 decks)

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