test 2 ch8 Flashcards
what is the largest part of the brain?
the cerebrum
why is the cerebral cortex important?
because sensory info must reach it for us to become consciously aware of the sensation
what does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
controls movements on left side of the body
what does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
controls movements on the right side of the body
how do the hemispheres of the brain communicate with eachother?
they communicate across the corpus callosum
known as when certain tasks are usually done by a specific hemisphere
cerebral lateralization
what tasks are associated with the right hemisphere?
music composition, visual-spatial awareness, map reading
what tasks are associated with the left hemisphere?
language and speech, writing, calculations
what divides the brain anteriorly and posteriorly?
the central sulcus
an area of the brain that is located in the frontal lobe and is the location of the primary motor cortex
pre-central gyrus
area of the brain that is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle movements
primary motor cortex
an area of the brain that is located in the parietal lobe, it is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex
post-central gyrus
are of the brain where somesthetic information needs to come for us to be able to become consciously aware of it (touch, pain, temperature)
somatosensory cortex
the lobe of the brain that is in charge of higher-order brain functions (concentration, decision-making, learning), personality, voluntary skeletal movements, and verbal communication
frontal lobe
an area on the LEFT frontal lobe of the brain that is responsible for motor actions of speech
the left frontal lobe (known as Broca’s speech area)
lobe of the brain the is in charge of somesthetic interpretation, interpretation of shapes and textures
parietal lobe
an area on the LEFT parietal lobe that is in charge of understanding speech and formulating words of expression
Wernicke’s area
lobe of the brain that is in charge of vision
occipital lobe
lobe of the brain that is responsible for audition (hearing), and olfaction (smell), it also stores visual and auditory memories
temporal lobe
lobe of the brain that in charge of taste and is involved in memory
Insula
test that can read brain waves in the cerebral cortex
EEG (electroencephalogram)
where is an alpha wave seen?
in an awake and relaxed brain
where is a beta wave seen?
with visual stimulation and mental activity
where is a theta wave seen?
(T=toddler) its seen in children, abnormal if seen in an awake adult but it is seen in REM sleep
where is a delta wave seen?
seen in deep sleep; indicative of brain damage in an awake adult
help regulate skeletal muscle motor movement (connected to frontal lobe), located in the cerebrum, consists of lentiform and caudate nuclei, and is part of the extrapyramidal system
basal nuclei
system that consists of cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and hypothalamus in diencephalon; is responsible for emotions
limbic system
which part of the limbic system is responsible for aggression?
areas in the amygdala and hypothalamus
which part of the limbic system is responsible for fear?
amygdala and hypothalamus
which part of the limbic system is responsible for hunger/satiety?
hypothalamus
which part of the limbic system is responsible for sex drive?
the whole system
which part of the limbic system is responsible for goal-directed behaviors?
hypothalamus and other regions
very-short term memory, involves prefrontal cortex
working memory
memory of recent events
short-term memory
how is short-term memory converted to long-term memory?
consolidation
consolidation requires what type of sleep?
REM sleep
where does consolidation occur?
in the medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, and amygdala
memory of skills like tying shoes
non-declarative memory
memory of things that can be verbalized (semantic or episodic)
declarative memory
what does semantic refer to?
facts
what does episodic refer to?
events
part of the diencephalon that contains pineal gland that secretes the hormone melatonin
epithalamus
part of the diencephalon that is a relay station for sensory information coming into the brain; all sensory information (except olfaction) goes through this part of the diencephalon first before reaching the cerebral cortex
thalamus
part of the diencephalon that has many functions: hunger and thirst centers, regulation of body temperature, regulation of sleep/wakefulness, sexual arousal and performance, emotions (fear, anger, pain, pleasure), controls the endocrine system, and releases regulatory hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
part of the brain in the diencephalon that releases regulatory hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
part of the brain in the diencephalon that produces ADH and oxytocin (in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) that travel along neurons to the posterior pituitary for release
hypothalamus
nuclei in the midbrain that is responsible for visual reflexes
superior colliculi
nuclei in the midbrain that is responsible for auditory reflexes
inferior colliculi
nuclei in the midbrain that is responsible for muscle movement
substantia nigra and red nucleus
nuclei in the midbrain that that is responsible for reticular activating system and movement
reticular information
area of the hindbrain that is the location of sensory and motor tracts to/from spinal cord; and contains two respiratory control centers
pons
area of the hindbrain that is involved in motor control (especially fine motor), inhibits the primary motor cortex to fine-tun movements for balance and coordination, receives input from proprioceptors
cerebellum
area of the hindbrain that has the vasomotor center (blood vessel), the cardiac center (heart), and the respiratory rhythmicity center (works with pons to reg. breathing)
medulla oblongata
center in the medulla oblongata that controls blood vessel diameter
vasomotor center
center in the medulla oblongata that that regulates heart rate
cardiac center
center in the medulla oblongata that works with pons to regulate breathing
respiratory rhythmicity center
- a system located in the brainstem (pons)
- neurons are part of reticular information
- connections to thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
reticular activating system (RAS)
what happens at the inhibition of the reticular activating system
sleep
what happens at the activation of the reticular activating system
arousal from sleep; consciously aware of stimuli
what happens at the failure of the reticular activating system
narcolepsy
what are ascending tracts?
they carry SENSORY information UP to the brain
what are descending tracts?
they carry MOTOR information DOWN from the brain
- a part of the peripheral nervous system
- most nerves here are mixed (both motor and sensory) while some are only sensory
- there are 12 types of these nerves
cranial nerves
- a part of the peripheral nervous system
- all are mixed nerves (sensory and motor)
- split into dorsal (sensory) root and ventral (motor) root near spinal cord
spinal nerves
steps of ______ ____ involving the spinal cord:
- stimulus receptor
- activation of sensory neuron
- information processing by spinal cord activation
- activation of motor neuron
- response by effector
reflex arcs
