test 2 ch7

Question 1

the central nervous system deals with which parts of the body?

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

the peripheral nervous system deals with which parts of the body?

Answer 2

cranial and spinal nerves; sensory receptors

Question 3

cells in the neural tissue responsible for electrical impulse conduction

Answer 3

neurons

Question 4

what are the three common parts that all neurons have?

Answer 4

cell body, dendrites, axon

Question 5

part of the neuron that receives signals

Answer 5

dendrites

Question 6

part of the neuron that conducts signals

Answer 6

axon

Question 7

type of neuron that carries information from peripheral receptors TO the brain and spinal cord

Answer 7

sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 8

type of neuron that carries information FROM the brain and spinal cord out to the effectors

Answer 8

motor (efferent) neurons

Question 9

another name for motor neurons

Answer 9

efferent

Question 10

another name for sensory neurons

Answer 10

afferent

Question 11

a type of motor neuron that sends information to skeletal muscles (reflexes and voluntary control)

Answer 11

somatic motor neurons

Question 12

a type of motor neuron that sends information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary control)

Answer 12

autonomic motor neurons

Question 13

what does sympathetic imply?

Answer 13

emergency responses (fight or flight)

Question 14

what does parasympathetic imply?

Answer 14

normal control (rest and digest)

Question 15

structural classification of neurons where it has one long axon with cell body branching from it

Answer 15

pseudounipolar

Question 16

structural classification of neurons where it has one long dendrite and one axon with cell body between

Answer 16

bipolar

Question 17

structural classification of neurons where it has several dendrites and one axon; the most common type of neurons

Answer 17

multipolar

Question 18

give an example of a multipolar neuron

Answer 18

motor neurons

Question 19

give an example of a bipolar neuron

Answer 19

located in retina of eye and olfactory epithelium

Question 20

give an example of a pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 20

sensory neurons bringing info to the spinal cord

Question 21

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 21

ganglion

Question 22

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system

Answer 22

nucleus

Question 23

group of axons in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 23

nerve

Question 24

group of axons in the central nervous system

Answer 24

tract

Question 25

cells in neural tissue responsible for supporting neurons

Answer 25

neuroglia

Question 26

type of neuroglia in the PNS that form the myelin sheath that "insulates" axons

Answer 26

Schwann cells

Question 27

t or f: myelinated axons can conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons

Answer 27

true

Question 28

type of neuroglia in the PNS that support cell bodies in ganglia

Answer 28

satellite cells

Question 29

type of neuroglia in the CNS that is responsible for myelination of axons; one of these types of neuroglia is able to wrap around multiple parts of different axons to form myelin

Answer 29

oligodendrocytes

Question 30

type of neuroglia in the CNS that is known as the macrophages of the CNS

Answer 30

microglia

Question 31

type of neuroglia in the CNS that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 31

ependymal cells

Question 32

type of neuroglia in the CNS that helps to maintain a healthy environment for neurons in the CNS

Answer 32

astrocytes

Question 33

name the functions and abilities of astrocytes, there are 5:

Answer 33

take in K+ take up extra neurotransmitter in a synapse between two neurons needed in theses synapses form and maintain the blood brain barrier can stimulate or inhibit neurons

Question 34

areas of myelinated axons in the CNS

Answer 34

white matter

Question 35

areas of cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS

Answer 35

gray matter

Question 36

what is the resting membrane potential for a neuron?

Answer 36

around -70mV

Question 37

a period of time once a neuron produces an action potential that it cannot respond normally to another stimulus

Answer 37

refractory period

Question 38

when a neuron absolutely cannot produce another action potential no matter how strong the stimulus

Answer 38

absolute refractory period

Question 39

give examples of an absolute refractory period or when it would occur

Answer 39

when Na+ ion channels either open or are inactivated during depolarization and first part of repolarization

Question 40

when a neuron can produce another potential, but only if the stimulus is really strong

Answer 40

relative refractory period

Question 41

give examples of a relative refractory period

Answer 41

when K+ channels are open during repolarization and hyperpolarization

Question 42

created by an opening of ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 42

postsynaptic potentials

Question 43

chemicals released at chemical synapses that allow communication between the neuron and the postsynaptic cell; cause either EPSPs or IPSPs in the postsynaptic cell by opening chemically-gated channels

Answer 43

neurotransmitters

Question 44

most neurotransmitters are released by ________ in response to Ca++ entering the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

Answer 44

exocytosis

Question 45

a type of neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor

Answer 45

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 46

an enzyme that hydrolyzes ACh in synapses, making it inactive

Answer 46

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 47

Na+ ion channels that bind ACh found on motor endplate of skeletal muscle cells, autonomic ganglia, and is some areas of the CNS

Answer 47

nicotinic cholinergic (ACh) receptors

Question 48

used in olfactory epithelium and cerebellum ATP can also act as a co-transmitter, released with certain NTs

Answer 48

carbon monoxide

Question 49

released in both PNS and CSN - in PNS it causes smooth muscle relaxation, such as in the blood vessels of the penis resulting in an erection

Answer 49

nitric oxide

Question 50

enhance learning and memory

Answer 50

endocannibinoids

Question 51

most common NT in brain - generates IPSPs (hyperpolarization) by opening Cl channels

Answer 51

GABA

Question 52

inhibitory NT (generates IPSPs (hyperpolarization) by opening Cl channels) - important in regulation of skeletal muscle activity and relaxation of diaphragm for breathing

Answer 52

glycine

Question 53

most important excitatory in the brain

Answer 53

glutamate

Question 54

associated with mood, behavior, appetite, and cerebral circulation

Answer 54

serotonin

Question 55

released in different parts of the brain in the substantia nigra: important in control of skeletal muscle movements (area affected in parkinsons disease) in the mid brain: associated with addiction and schizophrenia

Answer 55

dopamine