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physiology > test 2 ch7 > Flashcards

test 2 ch7 Flashcards

1
Q

the central nervous system deals with which parts of the body?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

the peripheral nervous system deals with which parts of the body?

A

cranial and spinal nerves; sensory receptors

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3
Q

cells in the neural tissue responsible for electrical impulse conduction

A

neurons

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4
Q

what are the three common parts that all neurons have?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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5
Q

part of the neuron that receives signals

A

dendrites

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6
Q

part of the neuron that conducts signals

A

axon

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7
Q

type of neuron that carries information from peripheral receptors TO the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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8
Q

type of neuron that carries information FROM the brain and spinal cord out to the effectors

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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9
Q

another name for motor neurons

A

efferent

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10
Q

another name for sensory neurons

A

afferent

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11
Q

a type of motor neuron that sends information to skeletal muscles (reflexes and voluntary control)

A

somatic motor neurons

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12
Q

a type of motor neuron that sends information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary control)

A

autonomic motor neurons

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13
Q

what does sympathetic imply?

A

emergency responses (fight or flight)

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14
Q

what does parasympathetic imply?

A

normal control (rest and digest)

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15
Q

structural classification of neurons where it has one long axon with cell body branching from it

A

pseudounipolar

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16
Q

structural classification of neurons where it has one long dendrite and one axon with cell body between

A

bipolar

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17
Q

structural classification of neurons where it has several dendrites and one axon; the most common type of neurons

A

multipolar

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18
Q

give an example of a multipolar neuron

A

motor neurons

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19
Q

give an example of a bipolar neuron

A

located in retina of eye and olfactory epithelium

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20
Q

give an example of a pseudounipolar neuron

A

sensory neurons bringing info to the spinal cord

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21
Q

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

ganglion

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22
Q

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system

A

nucleus

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23
Q

group of axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

nerve

24
Q

group of axons in the central nervous system

A

tract

25
Q

cells in neural tissue responsible for supporting neurons

A

neuroglia

26
Q

type of neuroglia in the PNS that form the myelin sheath that “insulates” axons

A

Schwann cells

27
Q

t or f: myelinated axons can conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons

A

true

28
Q

type of neuroglia in the PNS that support cell bodies in ganglia

A

satellite cells

29
Q

type of neuroglia in the CNS that is responsible for myelination of axons; one of these types of neuroglia is able to wrap around multiple parts of different axons to form myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

30
Q

type of neuroglia in the CNS that is known as the macrophages of the CNS

A

microglia

31
Q

type of neuroglia in the CNS that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

32
Q

type of neuroglia in the CNS that helps to maintain a healthy environment for neurons in the CNS

A

astrocytes

33
Q

name the functions and abilities of astrocytes, there are 5:

A

take in K+
take up extra neurotransmitter in a synapse between two neurons
needed in theses synapses
form and maintain the blood brain barrier
can stimulate or inhibit neurons

34
Q

areas of myelinated axons in the CNS

A

white matter

35
Q

areas of cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS

A

gray matter

36
Q

what is the resting membrane potential for a neuron?

A

around -70mV

37
Q

a period of time once a neuron produces an action potential that it cannot respond normally to another stimulus

A

refractory period

38
Q

when a neuron absolutely cannot produce another action potential no matter how strong the stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

39
Q

give examples of an absolute refractory period or when it would occur

A

when Na+ ion channels either open or are inactivated

during depolarization and first part of repolarization

40
Q

when a neuron can produce another potential, but only if the stimulus is really strong

A

relative refractory period

41
Q

give examples of a relative refractory period

A

when K+ channels are open

during repolarization and hyperpolarization

42
Q

created by an opening of ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

A

postsynaptic potentials

43
Q

chemicals released at chemical synapses that allow communication between the neuron and the postsynaptic cell; cause either EPSPs or IPSPs in the postsynaptic cell by opening chemically-gated channels

A

neurotransmitters

44
Q

most neurotransmitters are released by ________ in response to Ca++ entering the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

A

exocytosis

45
Q

a type of neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

46
Q

an enzyme that hydrolyzes ACh in synapses, making it inactive

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

47
Q

Na+ ion channels that bind ACh
found on motor endplate of skeletal muscle cells, autonomic ganglia, and is some areas of the CNS

A

nicotinic cholinergic (ACh) receptors

48
Q

used in olfactory epithelium and cerebellum ATP

can also act as a co-transmitter, released with certain NTs

A

carbon monoxide

49
Q

released in both PNS and CSN - in PNS it causes smooth muscle relaxation, such as in the blood vessels of the penis resulting in an erection

A

nitric oxide

50
Q

enhance learning and memory

A

endocannibinoids

51
Q

most common NT in brain - generates IPSPs (hyperpolarization) by opening Cl channels

A

GABA

52
Q

inhibitory NT (generates IPSPs (hyperpolarization) by opening Cl channels) - important in regulation of skeletal muscle activity and relaxation of diaphragm for breathing

A

glycine

53
Q

most important excitatory in the brain

A

glutamate

54
Q

associated with mood, behavior, appetite, and cerebral circulation

A

serotonin

55
Q

released in different parts of the brain
in the substantia nigra: important in control of skeletal muscle movements (area affected in parkinsons disease)
in the mid brain: associated with addiction and schizophrenia

A

dopamine

physiology (14 decks)

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