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test 3 ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of receptors focus on pain?

A

nociceptors

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2
Q

what type of receptors focus on membrane distortion (touch, pressure, hearing, and equilibrium)?

A

mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

what type of receptors focus on dissolved chemicals (taste, smell, pH, CO2)?

A

chemoreceptors

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4
Q

what type of receptors focus on the feeling of cold or hot?

A

thermoreceptors

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5
Q

what type of receptors focus on light?

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

receptor that responds to stimuli inside the body

A

interoceptors

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7
Q

receptor that responds to stimuli from outside the body

A

exteroceptors

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8
Q

receptors that respond to sight, hearing, taste, and equilibrium

A

special senses

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9
Q

receptors that respond to touch, temp, pressure, and pain info from skin

A

cutaneous receptors

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10
Q

markels disc

A

touch

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11
Q

ruffini corpuscles

A

skin stretch

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12
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

texture, slow vibrations

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13
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure, fast vibrations

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14
Q

pain in body region different from original stimulus

A

referred pain

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15
Q

the types of free nerve endings

A

cold or hot (more cold than hot); pain (nociception)

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16
Q

free nerve ending pain receptor that is an ion (Na+ and Ca++) channel that binds the chemical in chili peppers = hot + pain

A

capsaicin receptor

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17
Q

receptor that quickly adapt to stimulus (sensory adaptation)

A

phasic receptors

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18
Q

receptors that do not adapt (ex. pain)

A

tonic receptors

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19
Q

another word for taste

A

gustation

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20
Q

what are the special senses (5 of them)?

A

taste (gustation), smell (olfaction), equilibrium, hearing (audition), vision

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21
Q

taste: H+ enters cell resulting in depolarization

A

sour

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22
Q

taste: Na+ enters cells resulting in depolarization

A

salty

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23
Q

taste: sugar or glutamate bind to cell, 2nd messenger system, closes K+ channels, leads to depolarization

A

sweet and umami

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24
Q

taste: quinine binds to cell, 2nd messenger system, releases Ca++

A

bitter

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25
describe the process of taste
action potentials travel along cranial nerve VII and IX -> medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> 1. primary gustatory cortex in insula, 2. primary somatosensory cortex on postcentral gyrus (texture and temp), 3. prefrontal cortex (associates food with rewards)
26
what is the only sense that does NOT go through the thalamus?
smell (olfaction)
27
what is a sense that is closely linked to the limbic system?
smell (olfaction)
28
describe the process of smell
chemicals bind to dendrites of bipolar cells -> generates action potentials in cranial nerve I -> synapse in olfactory bulb -. action potential travel to 1. prefrontal cortex, 2. medial temporal lobes, 3. hippocampus, 4. amygdala
29
special sense that is detected by hair cells in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
equilibrium
30
what happens when stereocilia and kinocilium are distorted?
action potentials are generated
31
linear acceleration is detected by what parts of the vestibular apparatus?
utricle and saccule
32
describe the process of generating action potentials during linear acceleration
otolithic membrane moves, bending cilia
33
in linear acceleration, what houses hair cells?
maculae
34
head rotation is detected by what part of the vestibular apparatus?
semicircular canals
35
in head rotation, what houses hair cells?
ampullae
36
describe the process of generating action potentials during head rotation
endolymph moves cupula, bending cilia
37
describe the entire process of equilibrium
action potentials travel along vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII -> medulla oblongata -> 1. oculomotor area of brainstem to control eye movements, 2. spinal cord to adjust body position
38
what detects hearing?
hair cells in cochlea of inner ear, specifically detected by hair cells located in the organ of corti or spiral organ
39
how is the frequency of sound waves measured?
Hertz
40
the process of cochlea pressure waves distorting the basilar membrane depends on what?
the frequency of the sound
41
describe the process of hearing
sound wavess enter external acoustic meatus and vibrate tympanic membrane -> movement of the malleus, incus, and stapes (auditory ossicles) -> stapes pulls on oval window, creating pressure waves in vestibular duct of cochlea -> endolymph of cochlear duct -> distortion of the basilar membrane as pressure waves in pass to tympanic duct -> hair cells on basilar membrane vibrate up against tectorial membrane -> action potential generated in cochlea branch of cranial nerve VIII -> medulla oblongata -> inferior colliculus -> thalamus -> auditory cortex of temporal lobe
42
a hearing impairment where sound waves not conducted from inner to outer ear and is caused by build up of earwax, excess fluid in middle ear, or overgrowth of bone in middle ear
conduction deafness
43
a hearing impairment where action potentials not conducted from cochlea to auditory cortex in temporal lobe, can be due to damaged hair cells from loud noises, loss of hair cells, or damage to cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
sensorineural/perceptive deafness
44
describe the visual process
light waves -> cornea -> aqueous humor in anterior eye chamber -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humor of posterior chamber -> photoreceptors on retina -> action potentials travel along bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve at optic disc -> 1. superior colliculus, 2. thalamus -> visual cortex in occipital lobe
45
photoreceptor in retina that is responsible for black/white vision in dim light
rods
46
photoreceptor that uses rhodopsin
rods
47
photoreceptor in retina that is responsible for color vision (blue - short, green - medium, red - long)
cones
48
photoreceptor that uses photopsin
cones
49
how many photoreceptors are located in the optic disc?
0, known as blind spot
50
visual disorder characterized by cloudiness of lens
cataracts
51
visual disorder characterized by near-sightedness from elongated eyeball
myopia
51
visual disorder characterized by irreversible damage to optic nerve from build up of aqueous fluid; possibly due to blockage of canal of schlemm
glaucoma
51
visual disorder characterized by far sightedness from eyeball that is too short
hyperopia
52
visual disorder characterized by loss of accommodation from age
presbyopia
53
visual disorder characterized by degeneration of macula lutea and fovea centralis
macular degeneration
54
visual disorder characterized by asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens
astigmatism
55
outer layer of the eyeball, gives shape to the eyeball
fibrous tunic
56
posterior outer layer of the eyeball (white of the eye), supports and protects the eyeball
sclera
57
anterior surface of the eyeball, transmits and refracts light
cornea
58
middle layer of the eyeball, supplies blood and prevents reflection
vascular tunic (uvea)
59
middle layer in posterior portion of the eyeball, supplies blood to the eye
choroid
60
anterior portion of vascular tunic in eye ball, supports the lens through suspensory ligament and determines lens thickness; also secretes aqueous humor
ciliary body
61
anterior portion of vascular tunic in eyeball, regulates the diameter of the pupil, and hence the amount of light entering the vitreous chamber
iris
62
inner layer of the eye, provides location and support for rods and cones
neural tunic
63
principal portion of internal tunic of eye, photoreception; transmits impulses
retina
64
between posterior and vitreous chambers of eyeball, refracts light and focuses onto fovea centralis
lens
65
t or f: pupil dilates in dim light and constricts in bright light
true
66
bending of light rays so they focus on the retina
accommodation

physiology (14 decks)

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