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physiology > test 3 ch 11 > Flashcards

test 3 ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

target organs: hypothalamus

suppresses appetite

A

adipose tissue

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2
Q

target organs: liver, muscles, kidneys

glucocorticoids influence glucose metabolism; aldosterone promotes Na+ retention, K+ excretion

A

adrenal cortex

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3
Q

target organs: heart, bronchioles, blood vessels

causes adrenergic stimulation

A

adrenal medulla

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4
Q

target organs: kidneys

promotes excretion of Na+ in the urine

A

heart

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5
Q

target organs: anterior pituitary

regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

target organs: stomach, liver, pancreas

inhibits gastric motility and stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion

A

small intestine

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7
Q

target organs: many organs, liver, adipose tissue

insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen and fat; glucagon stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen and fat

A

islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

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8
Q

target organs: bone marrow

stimulates red blood cell production

A

kidneys

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9
Q

target organs: cartilage

stimulates cell division and growth

A

liver

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10
Q

target organs: female reproductive tract and mammary glands

maintains structure of reproductive tract and promotes secondary sex characteristics

A

ovaries

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11
Q

target organs: bone, small intestine, kidneys

increases Ca++ concentration in blood

A

parathyroid glands

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12
Q

target organs: hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

affects secretion of gonadotrophic hormones

A

pineal gland

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13
Q

target organs: endocrine glands and other organs

stimulates growth and development of target organs ; stimulates secretion of other hormones

A

pituitary, anterior

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14
Q

target organs: kidneys, blood vessels, uterus, mammary glands

antidiuretic hormone promotes water retention and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary secretory units

A

pituitary, posterior

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15
Q

target organs: small intestine

stimulates absorption of Ca++

A

skin

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16
Q

target organs: stomach

stimulates acid secretion

A

stomach

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17
Q

target organs: prostate, seminal vesicles, and other organs

stimulates secondary sexual development

A

testes

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18
Q

target organs: lymph nodes

stimulates white blood cell production

A

thymus

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19
Q

target organs: most organs

thyroxine and triiodothyronine promote growth and development and stimulate basal rate of cell respiration; calcitonin may participate in the regulation of blood Ca++ levels

A

thyroid gland

20
Q

what are the three ways an endocrine organ can be stimulated to secrete hormones?

A

hormonal, humoral, neural

21
Q

when another hormone stimulates the release of a hormone

A

hormone stimulation of an endocrine organ

22
Q

when a change in the blood levels of a nutrient or ion stimulates the release of a hormone

A

humoral stimulation of an endocrine organ

23
Q

when a nerve signal stimulates the release of hormones

A

neural stimulation of an endocrine organ

24
Q

what are the three classifications of hormones based on their structure?

A

protein, steroid, and biogenic amine hormones

25
Q

hormones that are polar and water-soluble (travel through blood without a carrier) and their target cell receptor receptors are on the cell membrane

A

protein hormones

26
Q

hormones that are produced in the gonads and adrenal cortex, nonpolar and lipid-soluble, need a carrier protein to travel through the blood and their target-cell receptors are located inside the cell

A

steroid hormones

27
Q

hormones that are known as thyroid hormone and catecholamines from adrenal medulla; thyroid hormones are nonpolar, lipid soluble so they need a carrier protein and a receptor inside the target cell; catecholamines are polar, water-soluble so they don’t need a carrier protein and their target cell receptors are on the cell membrane

A

biogenic amine hormones

28
Q

two or more hormones work together to produce a desired effect

A

synergistic

29
Q

give an example of additive synergistic interaction of hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine - effect on the heart

30
Q

give an example of complementary synergistic interaction of hormones

A

estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin work together to product milk

31
Q

first hormone enhances the responsiveness of the target to the second hormone

A

permissive

32
Q

give an example of permissive interaction of hormones

A

estrogen will make the uterus more responsive (sensitive) to progesterone

33
Q

hormones have opposing effects on the target cell

A

antagonistic

34
Q

give an example of an antagonistic interaction between hormones

A

glucagon (increases blood glucose) and insulin (decreases blood glucose)

35
Q

disorder involving growth hormone where there is insufficient growth hormone before adolescent growth is complete

A

pituitary dwarfism

36
Q

disorder involving growth hormone where there is too much growth hormone before adolescent growth is complete

A

pituitary giagantism

37
Q

disorder involving growth hormone where there is too much growth hormone after the closure of growth plates

A

acromegaly

38
Q

disorder involving thyroid hormone where there is increased production of thyroid hormone; results in increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, and heat intolerance

A

hyperthyroidism

39
Q

disorder involving thyroid hormone where there is decreased production of thyroid hormone; results in low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold intolerance, lethargy, and photophobia

A

hypothyroidism

40
Q

disorder involving thyroid hormone where there is an enlargement of the thyroid, usually due to insufficient dietary iodine

A

goiter

41
Q

disorder involving excess glucocorticoids , results in body obesity, hypertension, excess hair growth, kidney stones, and menstrual irregularities

A

Cushing syndrome

42
Q

chronic shortage of glucocorticoids and sometimes mineralocorticoids, could be due to lack of ACTH; results in weight loss, fatigue, and skin darkening

A

Addison disease

43
Q

inadequate uptake of glucose from the blood; can result in retinal blindness, kidney failure, and limb aputations

A

diabetes mellitus

44
Q

decreased insulin production usually seen in children, may be autoimmune, requires insulin injections

A

type I diabetes mellitus

45
Q

decreased insulin release or effectiveness usually seen in adults, obesity is a major cause, can be treated with diet, exercise, and medication

A

type II diabetes mellitus

46
Q

type of diabetes seen in pregnant women

A

gestational diabetes

47
Q

(condition, not a disease) low blood glucose levels that may result in dizziness, confusion, sweating, and sleepiness

A

hypoglycemia

physiology (14 decks)

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