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Micro5 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Body’s defense system to prevent disease

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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

Born with
- Non specific

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Immunity we develop

  • specific
    Create memory cells
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4
Q

What are physical first line of defense

A

Skin, mucus membranes and cleansing agents

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5
Q

Skins goal

A

Keep pathogens out of the body

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6
Q

How do mucus membranes keep pathogens out of the body

A

They trap microbes by the use of cilia

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7
Q

How do saliva and tears keep pathogens out

A

They wash away or dilute microbes

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8
Q

What are some chemical methods for 1st line of defense

A

Lysozymes & low ph

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9
Q

Lysozymes

A

Break down cell walls

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10
Q

Examples of lysozymes

A

Tears, saliva, sweat

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11
Q

Low ph

A

Inhibits bacterial growth

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12
Q

Examples of low ph

A

Vagina, stomach acid, skin, ear canal, saliva

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13
Q

What are the 3 things part of the 1st line of defense for the immune system

A

Physical, chemical,
Microbiome

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14
Q

Microbiome

A

Microbes in/ on our body preventing a adding pathogens

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15
Q

5 symptoms of inflammation

A

Pain
Redness
Immobility
Swelling
Heat

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16
Q

What are the 2 goals of inflammation

A
  1. Destroy & remove pathogen
  2. Remove & repair tissue damage
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17
Q

1st step (mechanism) of inflammation

A

Alarm is sounded - cytokines activated

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18
Q

Cytokines

A

Signaling molecules
- regulate intensity and duration of immune response

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19
Q

3 types of cytokines

A

Chemokines
Interfeurons
Interleukins

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20
Q

Chemokines

A

Attract immune cells to an area

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21
Q

Interfeurons

A

Help with antiviral responses

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22
Q

Interleukins

A

Help regulate intensity and direction of immune response

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23
Q

The 2nd step (mechanism) of inflammation

A

Histidine released causing vasodilation = increase permeability
- triggering phagocytes to migrate out of blood to infected site

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24
Q

Phagocyte migration

A

Phagocytes phagocytes move from the blood stream to infected tissues
- triggered by cytokines

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25
Q

Margination

A

Phagocytes attach/ stick to endothelium

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26
Q

Diapedesis

A

Phagocytes squeeze out of blood vessel b/w epithelial cells

  • 1st neutrophils then monocytes
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27
Q

Scar tissue

A

Lot more collagen present

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28
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Develops quickly
- lasts for short period of time

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29
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Develops slowly
- last for longer period of time (persistent)

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30
Q

Fever

A

Body temperature is above normal - speeding up the bodies reactions

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31
Q

Fever mechanism

A
  1. Macrophage ingests a gram negative
  2. Endotoxin is released triggering cytokines
  3. Release of interleukins
  4. Prostaglandin produced in hypothalamus (resetting body thermostat)
  5. Fever
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32
Q

Complement system is part of what immunity

A

Innate immunity
- 2nd line of defense

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33
Q

Main mechanisms of complement system

A

Cytolysis
Opsonization
Inflammation

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34
Q

Complement

A

Proteins involved in phagocytosis and lysis of bacteria

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35
Q

Opsonization

A

Improves (promotes) phagocytosis

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36
Q

Complement proteins start with a letter C followed by a #

TRUE or FALSE

A

True
Ex, Cd3

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37
Q

Complement activation

A

Cascade of complement proteins acting during an infection

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of complement

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

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39
Q

Classical complement

A

Activates complement system due to antibody binding to antigen

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40
Q

Alternative complement

A

Activates complement system by - complement protein recognizing pathogen

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41
Q

Lectin complement

A

Activates complement system by - lectin recognizing pathogen

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42
Q

Outcome of classical complement

A

C3 activated and inflammation , cytolysis starts

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43
Q

Opsonization

A

Proteins coat a pathogen and promote phagocytosis
( classical)

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44
Q

Outcome of alternative complement

A

C3 activated and inflammation, cytolysis , Opsonization

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45
Q

Cytolysis

A

Damage to cell membrane resulting in cell destruction

  • use of Mac
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46
Q

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

Forms pores in membrane

  • used in lectin complement
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47
Q

Siderophores

A

Iron binding proteins that take up iron from the host

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48
Q

What are two examples of iron binding proteins

A

Ferritin
Lactoferrin

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49
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Short peptides (12-50 amino acids)
- found in neutrophils, sweat and frog skin

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50
Q

Antimicrobial peptides mode of action

A

Inhibiting cell wall synthesis, forming pores, destroying DNA/RNA

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51
Q

Acute phase proteins produced

A

In liver in response of inflammation

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52
Q

Vaccine

A

Suspension of organisms or fractions of organism used to induce immunity

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53
Q

History of vaccine - when was the first vaccine seen in history

A

Chinese doctors picked off smallpox scabs and made people inhale them

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54
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Injected a boy with cowpox to see if he got smallpox

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55
Q

Primary response

A

The initial response to an antigen (pathogen)

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56
Q

Secondary response

A

The 2nd or later response a person gets when exposed to an antigen (pathogen) they already seen

  • faster response
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57
Q

How does a vaccine effect a persons immune response?

A

It is their 1st exposure /but actually 2nd therefore it goes directly into secondary response

  • creates those memory antibodies
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58
Q

Immunological memory

A
  • remember pathogens
    Key result of adaptive immunity
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59
Q

What 2 ways can you generate immunological memory

A

Getting infected
Getting vaccinated

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60
Q

Importance or significance of immunological memory

A

Allows for a stronger and faster response next time person exposed to pathogen

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61
Q

What are some vaccine types

A

Live attenuated
Inactive killed
Subunit
Toxoid
DNA
RNA

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62
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

Weaker version of the pathogen

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63
Q

Pros of a live attenuated vaccine

A
  • mimics actual infection
  • doesn’t need boosters
  • stimulates antibodies / T cells
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64
Q

Cons of live attenuated vaccines

A

Could mutate to more pathogens
- different to store/ transport

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65
Q

Inactivated killed vaccine

A

Where pathogen is killed or inactivated

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66
Q

Pros of inactivated killed vaccine

A

Easy to transport
Little risk of infection

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67
Q

Cons of inactivated killed vaccines

A
  • often require boosters
  • activated mostly antibody response
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68
Q

Subunit vaccine

A

Exposed to key antigen parts of pathogen

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69
Q

Pros of subunit vaccine

A

Only proteins used not pathogen (it’s safer)

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70
Q

Cons of subunit vaccine

A
  • require multiple doses
  • must really understand pathogen to use this method
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71
Q

Toxoids

A

Inactivated bacterial toxins

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72
Q

DNA vaccine

A

DNA for antigen placed in a vector

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73
Q

Pros of a dna vaccine

A

It is inexpensive and easy to make

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74
Q

Cons of a dna vaccine

A

Finding a safe virus to deliver the dna is difficult

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75
Q

RNA vaccine

A

RNA for antigen is delivered to the body

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76
Q

Pros of a RNA vaccine

A
  • safe to produce and easy to make
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77
Q

Cons of RNA vaccines

A

It has to be stored at cold temperatures: due to it being very unstable

78
Q

What type of vaccine is covid?

79
Q

Adjuvants

A

Components included in vaccines to improve their effectiveness

80
Q

When are vaccines especially helpful?

A

When antivirals do not work

81
Q

Infection

A

When virus enters body and begins to reproduce

82
Q

Disease

A

When viral replication causes immune response = symptoms

83
Q

Do vaccines prevent infection or disease?

A

They prevent disease for occurring

  • individuals still likely to get infected with a pathogen
84
Q

Are vaccine preventable disease on the rise?

A

Yes!!!
- measles and whooping cough are prevalent now due to people not getting vaccinated

85
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity

86
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Takes place in extracellular fluids
( works outside cell)

87
Q

What cells are part of humoral immunity

A

B cells - made in the bone marrow

88
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Focus on fighting viruses and bacteria that are intracellular
( work inside cell)

89
Q

What cells are part of the cellular immunity

A

T cells - made in the thymus

90
Q

Humoral immunity (b cells) make

A

Antibodies

91
Q

The cellular immunity have specific receptors called

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

92
Q

Each lymphocytes mixes / matches gene segments

True or False

93
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that induces production of antibodies

94
Q

Epitopes

A

Found on antigens that help antibody’s recognize an antigen

95
Q

Antigen antibody complex

A

Antigen bound to an antibody

96
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of bond

97
Q

Constant region of an antibody

A

Same b/w classes of antibodies

  • lower part containing just heavy chains
98
Q

Variable region of an antibody

A

Binds epitope

  • top part containing light and heavy chain
99
Q

Fab is found where on the antibody

A

Top part of heavy chain

100
Q

Where is fc found on an antibody

A

Th slower part of heavy chain

101
Q

What are the antibody classes

A

IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

(Game d )

102
Q

Can an antigen have more then one epitope

103
Q

Can an antibody recognize more then one epitope

A

Yes, since it has different epitopes on its surface

104
Q

Auto immune

A

Attacks host cells (immune cells)

105
Q

Example of an autoimmune disease

A

Multiple sclerosis

  • myelin sheath on the nerve cell is mistakenly attacked by immune cells
106
Q

Clonal selection

A

Proliferate lymphocytes bind to foreign antigen forming clones

107
Q

What are clones

A

Identical b/T cells

108
Q

Clonal deletion

A

Eliminate lymphocytes that are harmful (attack self cells) during development

109
Q

How is Clonal deletion eliminated

A

Via apoptosis (cell signals for it to die)

110
Q

MHC1 (major histocompatibility complex)

A

The id badge !!

  • identify self to T cells
  • found on ALL nucleated cells
111
Q

MHC2

A

Present antigen to T cells

Found ONLY one antigen presenting cells (monocytes, B cells, dendritic cells)

112
Q

Once MHC2 presents fragment of peptide on th e outside of the cell what happens

A

T cell will activate the release of cytokines

113
Q

What are the three phagocytes

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells

114
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Engulf a pathogen (antigen) and present fragments to T cells

115
Q

Initiation of adaptive immune response

A

Dendritic cells - they link innate and adaptive immune systems

116
Q

What do dendritic cells activate

A

T helper cells in lymph notes

  • they then release cytokines making an immune response occur
117
Q

T cell receptor (TCR)

A

Bind antigens

118
Q

Cluster of differentiation molecules (CD)

A

Surface molecules that help TCRs interact with antigens

119
Q

Effector cell

A

Lymphocytes that has undergone Clonal selection and is capable of mediating an adaptive immune response

120
Q

What does cytokines stimulate during an immune response

A

Proliferation & different T cells

121
Q

Superantigens

A

Activates lots of different T cells resulting in a large immune response

122
Q

Why are superantigens bad

A
  • it releases a lot of cytokines = induce fever / nausea
    But also wastes immune system resources
123
Q

Example, of superantigen

A

Streptococcus group A

124
Q

What where the 2 ways CHRISPR was used for

A

Knocking out a gene of interest
Correcting a mutation

125
Q

Genetic editing

A

Scientist would purposely make mutation to examine effects

126
Q

CRISPR purpose

A

To edit a genome quickly and efficiently

127
Q

What are the two ways a gene would try to fix host cell that has cut dna

A

Non homologous end joining
Homologous recombination

128
Q

Non homologous end joining

A

Shoves broken pieces of dna back together

  • leads to deletion
129
Q

Homologous recombination

A

Uses available template to fill in the missing nucleotides

( fixes protein)

130
Q

Correct mutation

A

Gene that has correct sequence

131
Q

What are the 2 ways cRISPR cas9 is used

A

Gene editing and Germaine editing

132
Q

Gene editing

A

Fixing problematic mutation in a person

133
Q

Germline editing fixes problematic mutation in an individuals germline

( passed down to next generation)

134
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes bind to antigens on _____

A

MHC1 receptors
- viral infected cells

135
Q

When CTLs attach to target cell what is released

A

Perforin protein and granzymes

136
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill cells that doesn’t show MHC1

137
Q

How do NK cells kill cells

A

With perforin and granzymes causing the cell to lysis

138
Q

What are the two B cell activation types

A

T independent antigen
T- dependent antigen

139
Q

T independent antigen

A

Molecules with repeating units

140
Q

T dependent antigen

141
Q

T dependent activation helps prevent the activation of B cells if they are not needed

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

B cells produce a lot of antibodies

142
Q

B cells are able to recognize both bcr and TCR

143
Q

What happens when a T helper cell is activated

A

It releases cytokines

144
Q

What happens when a B cell is activated

A

It will release plasma cells (antibidies) and make memory cells

145
Q

Clonal expansion (proliferation)

A

B. Cells proliferate (turn in to) plasma cells and memory cells

146
Q

Where is the heavy chain located in an antibody

A

The inner part

147
Q

Where is the light chain of an antibody located on an antibody

A

The outer part

148
Q

Antigen presenting cells are usually ______ cells

149
Q

What two things can antigen presenting cells do

A

Phagocytosis
Present antigen on MHC2

150
Q

Activation of T helper cells can do what 3 things

A

1, activate macrophages
2. Activate B cells to show antigen on MHC2
3. Activate cytotoxic T cells ( destroy cells w/ weird MHC1)

151
Q

What’s re the different antibody classes

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

152
Q

IgG

A

Can cross tissues / placenta
- long lived during infections

153
Q

IgA

A

Lots in body secretion
(Breast milk, saliva)
- prevent pathogen from attaching to mucus membranes

154
Q

IgM

A

Early responder to infection
- monomer found on B cells as BCR

155
Q

What a re the 4 antibody actions

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Opsonization
  4. Activate complement system (classical)
156
Q

Neutralization

A

Pathogen can not bind to cell due to it being blocked from entering

157
Q

What class of antibody does neutralization

158
Q

Agglutination

A

Clump pathogens to make it easier to phagocytosis

159
Q

What antibody class can do agglutination

160
Q

Opsonization

A

Coats antigen w/ antibody’s to enhance phagocytosis
( make them better/ tastier to eat)

161
Q

What antibody class does Opsonization

162
Q

Activation of complement system (classical)

A

Results in cell lysis

  • antibody binds to pathogen ➡️ c3 ➡️ broken down into C3a & C3b ➡️ increased inflammation, Opsonization & cytolysis
163
Q

Vaccines are supposed to mimic the 1st exposure

TRUE or FALSE

164
Q

What are the 2 classifications of adaptive immunity

A

Passive & active

165
Q

Passive adaptive immunity

A

Transfer of adaptive immune defenses from another individual or animal

166
Q

Active adaptive immunity

A

Activation of an individuals own adaptive immune defenses

167
Q

passive immunity subunits

A

Naturally- breast milk
Artificially- given antibodies

168
Q

Active immunity subunits

A

Naturally- exposed to a pathogen in environment

Artificially- vaccine

169
Q

Herd immunity

A

Immunity is found in most of the population

  • many people are vaccinated
170
Q

Vaccines decrease the number of incidence

TRUE or FALSE

A

True : number of new cases - it helps stop or decrease the spread of disease therefore less new cases or individuals getting sick

171
Q

Microbiome

A

All the organisms in an environment

172
Q

Symbiosis

A

Living together of two different organisms or populations

173
Q

How do we identify who (microbes) are there?

A

Culture bacteria

174
Q

What limitations are there about cultering bacteria?

A

Not all microbes present on body can be cultured

  • selecting the correct environment
  • selecting correct media
  • living in a community or by self
175
Q

What is the solution to culturing problem?

A

Gene sequencing

176
Q

What part of a microbe is sequenced since it is highly conserved?

A

16s subunit on ribosome

177
Q

Organisms that are similar to each other will have similar 16s sequence

TRUE or FALSE

178
Q

Where are microbes?

A

Everywhere!!

179
Q

What impacts who is in our microbiome

A
  • diet
  • environmental conditions (temperature, ph, oxygen)
  • Genetics
180
Q

Probiotics

A

Food with live bacteria cultures

181
Q

Identical Twins (monozygotic)

A

Share 100% of genome

  • come from same egg
182
Q

Fraternal twins (dizygotic)

A

Share 50% of genome

  • come from 2 different eggs
183
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Nitrogen in the air being converted to a useful nitrogen compound

184
Q

What type of bacteria preforms nitrogen fixation

A

Cyanobacteria

185
Q

What happens if there is too much nitrogen in the environment

A

Causes an increase of cytobacteria/ alga ➡️ increase of bacteria ➡️ decrease in oxygen ➡️ fish dying

186
Q

Eutrophication

A

Too much organic matter (nitrogen/ phosphorus) causing the removal of oxygen from a body of water

187
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Network of fungi w/ plant roots

  • increases surface area of roots
188
Q

Neutrophils can do what 2 things

A

Phagocytosis
Extracellular traps (nets)
- trap microbes by throwing dna coated in Antimicrobial proteins

189
Q

Macrophages

A

Remove old cells and pathogens via phagocytosis

190
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Agranular leukocytes
- phagocytosis

Micro5 (14 decks)

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