Test 4 Flashcards
Immunity
Body’s defense system to prevent disease
Innate immunity
Born with
- Non specific
Adaptive immunity
Immunity we develop
- specific
Create memory cells
What are physical first line of defense
Skin, mucus membranes and cleansing agents
Skins goal
Keep pathogens out of the body
How do mucus membranes keep pathogens out of the body
They trap microbes by the use of cilia
How do saliva and tears keep pathogens out
They wash away or dilute microbes
What are some chemical methods for 1st line of defense
Lysozymes & low ph
Lysozymes
Break down cell walls
Examples of lysozymes
Tears, saliva, sweat
Low ph
Inhibits bacterial growth
Examples of low ph
Vagina, stomach acid, skin, ear canal, saliva
What are the 3 things part of the 1st line of defense for the immune system
Physical, chemical,
Microbiome
Microbiome
Microbes in/ on our body preventing a adding pathogens
5 symptoms of inflammation
Pain
Redness
Immobility
Swelling
Heat
What are the 2 goals of inflammation
- Destroy & remove pathogen
- Remove & repair tissue damage
1st step (mechanism) of inflammation
Alarm is sounded - cytokines activated
Cytokines
Signaling molecules
- regulate intensity and duration of immune response
3 types of cytokines
Chemokines
Interfeurons
Interleukins
Chemokines
Attract immune cells to an area
Interfeurons
Help with antiviral responses
Interleukins
Help regulate intensity and direction of immune response
The 2nd step (mechanism) of inflammation
Histidine released causing vasodilation = increase permeability
- triggering phagocytes to migrate out of blood to infected site
Phagocyte migration
Phagocytes phagocytes move from the blood stream to infected tissues
- triggered by cytokines
Margination
Phagocytes attach/ stick to endothelium
Diapedesis
Phagocytes squeeze out of blood vessel b/w epithelial cells
- 1st neutrophils then monocytes
Scar tissue
Lot more collagen present
Acute inflammation
Develops quickly
- lasts for short period of time
Chronic inflammation
Develops slowly
- last for longer period of time (persistent)
Fever
Body temperature is above normal - speeding up the bodies reactions
Fever mechanism
- Macrophage ingests a gram negative
- Endotoxin is released triggering cytokines
- Release of interleukins
- Prostaglandin produced in hypothalamus (resetting body thermostat)
- Fever
Complement system is part of what immunity
Innate immunity
- 2nd line of defense
Main mechanisms of complement system
Cytolysis
Opsonization
Inflammation
Complement
Proteins involved in phagocytosis and lysis of bacteria
Opsonization
Improves (promotes) phagocytosis
Complement proteins start with a letter C followed by a #
TRUE or FALSE
True
Ex, Cd3
Complement activation
Cascade of complement proteins acting during an infection
What are the 3 types of complement
Classical
Alternative
Lectin
Classical complement
Activates complement system due to antibody binding to antigen
Alternative complement
Activates complement system by - complement protein recognizing pathogen
Lectin complement
Activates complement system by - lectin recognizing pathogen
Outcome of classical complement
C3 activated and inflammation , cytolysis starts
Opsonization
Proteins coat a pathogen and promote phagocytosis
( classical)
Outcome of alternative complement
C3 activated and inflammation, cytolysis , Opsonization
Cytolysis
Damage to cell membrane resulting in cell destruction
- use of Mac
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
Forms pores in membrane
- used in lectin complement
Siderophores
Iron binding proteins that take up iron from the host
What are two examples of iron binding proteins
Ferritin
Lactoferrin
Antimicrobial peptides
Short peptides (12-50 amino acids)
- found in neutrophils, sweat and frog skin
Antimicrobial peptides mode of action
Inhibiting cell wall synthesis, forming pores, destroying DNA/RNA
Acute phase proteins produced
In liver in response of inflammation
Vaccine
Suspension of organisms or fractions of organism used to induce immunity
History of vaccine - when was the first vaccine seen in history
Chinese doctors picked off smallpox scabs and made people inhale them
Edward Jenner
Injected a boy with cowpox to see if he got smallpox
Primary response
The initial response to an antigen (pathogen)
Secondary response
The 2nd or later response a person gets when exposed to an antigen (pathogen) they already seen
- faster response
How does a vaccine effect a persons immune response?
It is their 1st exposure /but actually 2nd therefore it goes directly into secondary response
- creates those memory antibodies
Immunological memory
- remember pathogens
Key result of adaptive immunity
What 2 ways can you generate immunological memory
Getting infected
Getting vaccinated
Importance or significance of immunological memory
Allows for a stronger and faster response next time person exposed to pathogen
What are some vaccine types
Live attenuated
Inactive killed
Subunit
Toxoid
DNA
RNA
Live attenuated vaccine
Weaker version of the pathogen
Pros of a live attenuated vaccine
- mimics actual infection
- doesn’t need boosters
- stimulates antibodies / T cells
Cons of live attenuated vaccines
Could mutate to more pathogens
- different to store/ transport
Inactivated killed vaccine
Where pathogen is killed or inactivated
Pros of inactivated killed vaccine
Easy to transport
Little risk of infection
Cons of inactivated killed vaccines
- often require boosters
- activated mostly antibody response
Subunit vaccine
Exposed to key antigen parts of pathogen
Pros of subunit vaccine
Only proteins used not pathogen (it’s safer)
Cons of subunit vaccine
- require multiple doses
- must really understand pathogen to use this method
Toxoids
Inactivated bacterial toxins
DNA vaccine
DNA for antigen placed in a vector
Pros of a dna vaccine
It is inexpensive and easy to make
Cons of a dna vaccine
Finding a safe virus to deliver the dna is difficult
RNA vaccine
RNA for antigen is delivered to the body
Pros of a RNA vaccine
- safe to produce and easy to make