History Of Microbiology Flashcards
Structure and function
They are correlated
- structure determines function
Evolution and adaptation
- “selective pressure” to adapt to their surroundings in order to survive
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek created
- lens maker (a microphone that was able to see “animalcules”)
Francesco redi
- did experiment with red meat and maggots to see maggots don’t arise spontaneously
- supported by evidence
Hypothesis: maggots do not arise spontaneously
John needham
- experiment of boiling broth then leaving one open and sealing the other
- supported by experiment
Hypothesis: microorganisms arise spontaneously
Lazzaro spallanzani
Fixed John Needham’s experiment
➡️ boiled broth in an open flask and a sealed flask
- supported experiment
Hypothesis: microorganisms come from the air
What are some critiques spallanzani received?
- not enough oxygen in the sealed flasks
- “vital source” killed by the heat and kept out by the stopper
Biogenesis
Living things arise only from preexisting living cells
Louis Pasteur
Boiled broth in a straight neck flask and a curved (swan) neck flask
- supported by evidence
Hypothesis: microorganisms arise from microbes in the air (biogenesis)
What part of Louis Pasteur experiment demonstrates broth can be heated and still grow microbes?
The last part of his experiment
- he turned the curved flask on its side to allow the microbes
What part of Pasteur experiment demonstrates microbes don’t come from air but pre-existing cells (microbes)
The curved flask being able to hold the microbes in the curved part and then when it’s put on the side the microbes grew in the broth
What 2 people were part of the golden age of microbiology
Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur discovered what?
Fermentation
Biogenesis
Vaccines
Pasteurization
Fermentation
Found that it was microorganisms that convert sugar to alcohol & co2
Pasteurization
Heat kills bacteria that causes spoiling
Germ theory of disease
Microorganisms can cause disease
Who applies germ theory to medical procedures?
Joseph lister
- aseptic surgery using phenol (Carbonic acid)
Robert Koch created
Koch postulates
- 4 “rules”
What are the 4 Koch postulates?
- Organisms who are diseased should always be diseased, but not the healthy
- Organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture (lab)
- Organism grown in pure culture (lab) must cause same disease when inoculated isn’t a healthy individual
- Organism must be resonated from inoculated host, and show same symptoms as the one originally isolated (sample taken)
How do you characterize pure culture?
Gram staining
Ph
Smells
Colony morphology
Motility
What are some Koch postulate exceptions?
- some microbes difficult to culture
- disease can be causes by multiple microbes
- pathogens can cause several diseases
- ethical considerations about injecting the healthy
- diseased may not have symptoms
How does Koch postulates relates to anthrax in cows?
Koch shows that anthrax was caused by B Anthracis that can be isolated and cultured on artificial media
What are some things that help prevent or treat disease?
- preventative techniques
➡️ washing hands & cleaning equipment - vaccines
- antibiotics
- 16s rRNA Gene sequencing
Ignaz Semmelweis created what preventive technique
Hand washing
Joseph lister created what protective technique
Aseptic surgery - cleaning equipment
Edward Jenner did what?
Injected cowpox into a boy to see if he will get smallpox
Paul erhrlich created what
“Magic Bullet”
- antibiotic ➡️ kills bacteria bit not human “self” cells
REVIEW: All cells contain?
Plasma membrane, DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes
Alexander Fleming discovered what
The mold penicillium inhibited a bacterium — penicillin (antibiotic)
16s rRNA Gene
Created by carl woese & Norman Pace
- help identify which microbes are present without culturing them
What are some contributions of microbiology to world civilization?
Food production/ preservation (fermentation & pasteurization)
Disease treatment (antibiotics)
Disease prevention (aseptic techniques/ vaccines)
Contribution of microbiology to biochemistry and molecular biology?
- bacteria used as a “tool” for scientific processes ➡️ producing protein of interest
- CRISPR cas9 technology = system originally evolved in a bacteria
