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Micro5 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics

A

Antimicrobial agent that kills and interferes with the growth of microbes

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2
Q

Synthetic antibiotic

A

Not natural: made in the lab

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3
Q

Semi synthetic antibiotics

A

Natural product that is modified in the lab

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4
Q

Why was cantaloupe used to produce penicillin

A

It is cheep and easy to grow
- makes lots

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5
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Antibiotic works against many types of bacteria

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6
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

Antibiotic works only on a certain bacteria

Specific!!

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7
Q

Superinfection

A

Bacterial overgrowth

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8
Q

What causes a superinfection?

A

Disruption of a community
- overgrowth of a certain microbe

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9
Q

Magic bullet idea

A

Kill the bacteria w/o harking host cells

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10
Q

What is the technical term for “magic bullet”

A

Selective toxicity

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11
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

Kill or interfere with growth of microbes

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12
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Reversibly stops bacteria from growing

  • “static” like the tv is stuck
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13
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria

  • like suicide - kill oneself
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14
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of action for Antimicrobial drugs ( inhibit what)

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis (ribosome)
  3. Inhibit dna replication
  4. Injury the plasma membrane
  5. Inhibit metabolism
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15
Q

Transpeptidase

A

Enzyme that joins cross bridges on the cell wall

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16
Q

Penicillin

A

beta lactam ring = consistent part
Side chain = what makes them different (variable)

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17
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

It competes w/ substrate to bind to active site
- able to bind to active site making it still a functional enzyme

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18
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

Binds outside of substrate- substrate still able to bind to active site

  • makes it nonfunctional due to changing shape
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19
Q

Penicillin is a _______ inhibitor

A

Competitive

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20
Q

How does penicillin inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

It inactivated transpeptidase, weakening the cell wall - resulting in the cell lyses (die)

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21
Q

What type of solution would the cell lyse in the presence of penicillin?

A

Hypotonic

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22
Q

Penicillinase

A

Breaks the beta-lactam ring of penicillin making the antibiotic not functional

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23
Q

What are the beta lactams we looked at?

A
  • natural penicillin
    Methicillin
    Amoxicillin
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24
Q

Penicillin is most effective against

A

Gram positive : due to having difficult time getting through outer membrane of gram negative

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25
Q

Penicillin is a _______ spectrum

A

Narrow - work against gram positive only

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26
Q

Two semisynthetic penicillin

A

Methicillin & amoxicillin

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27
Q

Methicillin

A

Beta lactamase resistant - resistant against penicillinase

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28
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Fits through porins of gram negatives - can work against normal g+ / g-

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29
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

Non competitive penicillinase inhibitor

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30
Q

Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid

A

Allows it to inhibit cell wall synthesis of normal g+/g- and G+/G- w/ penicillinase present

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31
Q

Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis best kill

A

Only cells that are growing

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32
Q

Vancomycin

A

inhibits cell wall by binding to peptide chains & blocking transpeptidase activity

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33
Q

Vancomycin is _____ spectrum

A

Narrow

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34
Q

Mechanisms of inhibiting the ribosome

A
  • blocks tRNA attachment
  • Blocks the ability to form a peptide bond
  • blocks translocation
  • inhibits small & large subunits from interacting
  • change shape of ribosome = change of function
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35
Q

Ribosome

A

Has large subunit - 50s
Small subunit - 30s w/ e site, p site, a site

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36
Q

What antibiotics target the ribosome

A

Chloramphenicol
Doxycycline
Streptomycin
Tobramycin
Azithromyosin
Linezolid

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37
Q

Doxyclycline

A

Long retention in the body

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38
Q

Streptomycin

A

Sometimes used for tuberculosis

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39
Q

Tobramycin is used for

A

Cystic fibrosis

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40
Q

Azithromycin is sometimes used for

A

Chlamydia

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41
Q

Linezolid is sometimes used against

A

MRSA

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42
Q

Antibiotics that target the ribosome are typically broad or narrow spectrum

A

Broad

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43
Q

What Antimicrobial drug inhibits rna synthesis

A

Rifampin

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44
Q

Rifampin is used to treat

A

Tuberculosis

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45
Q

Rifamycins antibiotic group

A

Inhibit mRNA synthesis by acting on bacterial rna polymerase

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46
Q

Rifampin directly inhibits…..

A

Transcription

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47
Q

What Antimicrobial drug inhibits dna synthesis

A

Fluoroquinolones

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48
Q

Fluoroquinolones antibiotic group

A

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase which can ultimately cause DNA breakage ( relieving tension in dna when dna is unwound during dna replication)

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49
Q

What 2 Antimicrobial drugs injure the plasma membrane

A

Polymyxin B
Daptomycin

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50
Q

Polymyxin

A

Inserts into membrane causing increased permeability (leaky cell)

  • ## target more electronegative membranes
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51
Q

Polymyxin is effective against

A

Gram negatives only

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52
Q

Daptomycin

A

Insert into the membrane creating pores leading to leakiness

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53
Q

Daptomycin is effective against

A

Gram positive only

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54
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit metabolism

A

Sulfonamide
Trimethoprim

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55
Q

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

A

Inhibits one step of folic acid synthesis

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56
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Inhibits another step of folic acid synthesis

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57
Q

Synergism

A

Effectiveness of 2 drugs is greater than one

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58
Q

Sulfonamides & trimethoprim are ______ inhibitors

A

Competitive

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59
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of bacteria resistance to antibiotics

A
  1. Blocking entry
  2. Inactivating enzyme
  3. Altering molecule
  4. Efflux (kicking out) antibiotic
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60
Q

Superbug

A

Multi drug resistant bacteria

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61
Q

Example of a superbug

A

MRSA

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62
Q

What can staphylococcus aureus cause

A

Pimples
Pneumonia
Food poisoning

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63
Q

Infections caused by staphylococcus aureus

A

Skin and soft tissue
Breast implant infection
Endocarditis

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64
Q

Mutations that provide antibiotic resistance occur

A

Spontaneously

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65
Q

Natural selection

A

Passing down genetics
- surviving and reproducing

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66
Q

Mutations that allow an organism to survive/ reproduce are selected under certain selective pressure

True or False

A

True

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67
Q

Directional selection

A

Bacteria that are antibiotic resistance are able to survive and reproduce if treatment was stopped early

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68
Q

Advantageous mutations in bacteria can be passed how

A

Vertically and horizontally

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69
Q

What are the 3 ways horizontal gene transfer can occur

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

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70
Q

What are the 2 ways antibiotic resistant bacteria strains come about?

A
  • overuse of antibiotics
  • misuse of antibiotics
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71
Q

Overuse of antibiotics cases the high resistance bacteria to survive

True or False

A

True: ⬆️ antibiotic use = ⬆️ exposure of bacteria to antibiotic = ⬆️ likelihood antibiotic resistant bacteria will survive/ reproduce

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72
Q

What are some ways a person can misuse antibiotics

A
  • used inappropriately (taking for their infections)
  • treatment is not long enough
    Treatment is too low of a dose
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73
Q

HAI - Hospital acquired infection

A

Infection patient gets while in the hospital

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74
Q

Hospital acquired infection is also known as

A

Nosocomial infection

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75
Q

CAI - community acquired infection

A

Infection acquired outside a healthcare facility

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76
Q

What three things should you consider with a hAI

A

Compromised hosts
Chain of transmission
Microbes present in healthcare - antibiotic resistant ones

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77
Q

Compromised hosts

A

Resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns

  • have suppressed immune system
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78
Q

What are some routes of transmission

A

Direct contact
Indirect contact

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79
Q

What a re some ways to prevent antibiotic resistant bacteria from spreading ?

A
  • complete entire antibiotic dose
  • do not use left over medication to treat other illness
  • try to use narrow spectrum when possible
  • don’t take it if it is not necessary
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80
Q

Pathology

A

The study of a disease and its…

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81
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of the disease ( the source)

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82
Q

Pathogenesis

A

How a disease develops ( structurally and functionally)

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83
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of when and where diseases occur and how diseases are treated

  • on population level
84
Q

Infection

A

Body gets invaded by pathogen

85
Q

Disease

A

Body (or parts of it)re in a abnormal state where it is incapable of preforming its normal function

86
Q

Can you have an infection without it causing disease?

A

Yes!!

87
Q

Symptoms

A

Changes that a patient feels or experiences
Ex. Dizziness or nausea

88
Q

Signs

A

Changes a physician can physically see/ measure

Ex. Temperature, color,rash

89
Q

Predisposing factors

A

A factor that makes an individual more susceptible to the disease and may change the diseases progression

90
Q

What are the two disease classifications

A

Incidence & prevalence

91
Q

Incidence

A

Number of people in a population that develop a disease during a specific time

  • indicates spread of disease (only new cases)
92
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of people in a population who have a disease at a specific time

  • new/old cases
93
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Occurs spontaneously

94
Q

Endemic disease

A

Constantly present in a population

Ex, common cold

95
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Many people in one area contract the disease in a short period of time

96
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide

97
Q

What are the 3 main themes of duration of a disease?

A

Chronic, substrate, acute

98
Q

Acute means

A

It develops quickly
- lasts for a short period of time

99
Q

Chronic means

A

It develops slowly
- likely to recur

100
Q

Subacute means

A

It’s b/ chronic and acute

101
Q

Latent disease

A

Causative agent remains dormant but then becomes active

Ex, chicken pox

102
Q

What are some reservoirs of disease?

A

Humans, animals, water soil

103
Q

Reservoir of infection

A

A continual source of infection

104
Q

What are two common non living reservoirs?

A

Soil & water

105
Q

Asymptomatic carriers

A

Harbor pathogen w/o showing signs of illness

106
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

Vertebrate animal reservoirs

107
Q

What are ways a person can contract a zoonotic disease?

A

By handling in Al waste, eating animal products or animal fur

108
Q

What is the goal of. Pathogen when it infects a host?

A

Survive, reproduce and spread to more individuals

109
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of transmission

A

Contact, vehicle & vector

110
Q

What a re the 3 ways of contact transmission?

A

Direct, indirect and droplet

111
Q

Direct contact

A

Physical contact b/w a source and susceptible host

112
Q

Indirect contact

A

An agent is susceptible host indirectly such as a non living object

113
Q

Fomite

A

Non living object that spreads infection

114
Q

Droplet contact

A

Pathogen spreads via mucus droplets (droplet nuclei)

115
Q

How far can pathogen droplets travel?

A

Less then 1 meter

116
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Transmission of disease agents by a medium

  • what we need to survive!!!
117
Q

What are some vehicle transmissions (think of essential things to live)

A

Food, water, air

118
Q

How far can airborne disease travel?

A

More than 1 meter

119
Q

What helps determine the distance a pathogen will travel?

A

Pathogen size/ shape

120
Q

Vector transmission

A

Pathogen is carried in vectors usually by an arthropod

121
Q

Vector

A

An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another

122
Q

What are the two types of vector transmission?

A

Mechanical & biological

123
Q

Vector via mechanical transmission

A

Arthropod carries pathogen accidentally on feet

Ex. Houseflies

124
Q

Vector biological transmission

A

Pathogen reproduces in vector and is passed via bitting

Ex. Mosquito

125
Q

When a MRSA is transmitted on a stethoscope from one patient to the next this is an example of what type of transmission?

A

Indirect contact transmission

126
Q

When salmonella is ingested by eating contaminated food, this is an example of what type of transmission?

A

Vehicle transmission

127
Q

When plasmodium is transmitted to a human host from a mosquito bite this is an example of what type of transmission?

A

Vector biological transmission

128
Q

What’s a diseases impact on a community?

A
  • it impacts the community and the community impacts the spread of a disease, how it develops
129
Q

Why was it/ is difficult to study a virus?

A
  • they are really small
  • they require a host in order to survive
130
Q

Viruses structure (what they include)

A

Nuclei acid
DNA/RNA
Protein coat (capsid)
Sometimes: Few proteins
Lipid bilayer - Envelope

131
Q

Virion

A

Single, mature, infective final particle

132
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat that surrounds nuclei acid

133
Q

Capsomere

A

Protein subunit that makes up capsid
- maybe one/ multiple protein types

134
Q

What a re the different capsid types

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Complex

135
Q

Helical capsid

A

Hollow rods
-flexible/ rigid

136
Q

Polyhedral capsid

A

(Found in animals)
- has many sides

137
Q

Complex capsid

A

(Looks like spaceship)
Can have multiple capsids
- variable shape

138
Q

An envelope

A

Lipid layer that covers capsids

  • can contain proteins/carbohydrates
139
Q

Glycoprotein spikes purpose

A

Help attach to host cells

140
Q

Viruses without a envelope are called

A

Non enveloped viruses

141
Q

What are the two main cycle sin bacteriophage replication?

A

Lyric cycle
Lysogenic cycle

142
Q

Lyric cycle

A

Culminates in host cell death

143
Q

What are the 5 steps of the lyric cycle?

A

Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Release

144
Q

Attachment of lytic cycle

A

Tail fibers help virus to attach to host cell

145
Q

Penetration of lytic cycle

A

Drives core through allowing sheath to inject genetic info

146
Q

Biosynthesis of lytic cycle

A

DNA replication
RNA created via transcription/ translation
- host dna degraded = virus uses host to replicate

147
Q

Maturation lytic cycle

A

DNA & proteins self assemble creating virions
- build up new viruses

148
Q

Release lytic cycle

A

Host cell lyses and new viruses released

149
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Host cell survives

  • viral dna being integrated into host
150
Q

Prophage

A

Page dna inserted in to genome

151
Q

What happens during the Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus attaches releasing dna letting it get integrated (prophage) into host enzyme allowing it to reproduce creating more

152
Q

Transduction

A

-type of horizontal gene transfer

Bacterial dna is packaged/ integrated into the virus instead of viral dna

153
Q

Animal virus replication steps

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Uncoating
  4. Biosynthesis
  5. Maturation
  6. Release
154
Q

Animal virus replication : attachment

A

Complementary receptor attachment
- host range driven by protein = receptor interacting

155
Q

Animal virus replication: entry

A

2 ways ; receptor mediated endocytosis & fusion

156
Q

Entry via receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Virus bound to protein on plasma membrane and brought in by membrane folding

157
Q

Entry via fusion

A

Viral envelope fuses plasma membrane and releases the capsid into the cells cytoplasm

158
Q

Animal viruses replication: uncoating

A

Viral nuclei acid separated from protein coat

159
Q

Animal viruses replication: biosynthesis

A

Synthesis of nucleic acids/ proteins
- creates more phage dna using host machinery

160
Q

Animal virus replication: maturation

A

Capsid is assembled around genetic info

161
Q

Animal virus replication: release

A

Can be either via budding or rupture

162
Q

Rupture release

A

Host plasma membrane is broken apart as virus releases
- host cell usually killed

163
Q

Budding release

A

Host plasma membrane surrounds virus and pinches off forming an envelope

164
Q

Plaques means

A

A clearing in a bacterial lawn resulting from lysis by phages

165
Q

What are the different phases of disease?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal period
  3. Period of illness
  4. Period of decline
  5. Period of convalescence
166
Q

Incubation period

A

Time b/w infection and signs/symptoms

167
Q

Prodromal period

A

Mild, general symptoms (1st few days)

Hard to distinguish b/w common cold & other diseases

168
Q

Period of illness

A

Most severe signs/symptoms
Where immune system is actively fighting off pathogen

169
Q

Period of decline

A

Immune system is ‘wining”
- signs/symptoms decreasing
(Pathogen present = declining)

170
Q

Period of convalescence

A

Recovery time, where individual is regaining strength
- body returns to normal

171
Q

True or False

You can be contagious during all phases of disease

A

True

172
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of the host

173
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity of a microb

174
Q

Virulence factor

A

Specific proteins that help a microbe establish disease

175
Q

What are some portals of entry for a microorganisms?

A

Mucus membranes
Skin
Parental route

176
Q

Why do bacteria have a preferred portal of entry?

A

Depending on certain entry will either cause disease or no disease

177
Q

More microbes that invade makes it harder for the immune system to fight

True or False

A

True

178
Q

ID50

A

Infectious dose

  • needs to infect 50% of population
179
Q

LD50

A

Lethal dose

  • needs to kill 50% of the population
180
Q

Measurements ID50 & LD50 describe

A
  • virulence of bacteria or specific strain
  • preferred portal of entry
  • # of invading microbes needed to establish disease
181
Q

Adherence

A

Microbe attaching to plasma membrane

182
Q

Are adherence be pathogenic or non pathogenic

A

Both!

183
Q

Adhesion (ligand)

A

Microbial factor that promotes attachment to receptor

184
Q

What are ways bacteria can hide from the immune system?

A

Capsule
Extracellular enzyme
- coagulase / igA proteais
Antigenic variation
Type 2 secretion system

185
Q

A capsule is best described as a _____ glycocalyx

A

Organized

186
Q

Capsules

A

Prevent phagocytic cells from engulfing and killing bacteria

187
Q

Extracellular enzymes

A

(Exoenzymes) enzymes that work outside the cell

188
Q

Coagulase

A

Converts fibrinogen into fibrin
- binding fibrin making it resist phagocytosis

189
Q

IgA proteasis

A

Destroying igA antibodies

  • goes in a cuts them
190
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Alters surface of an antigen
- LIKE A DISGUISE !

Pathogen changes antigen to be unrecognizable

191
Q

How are antigens recognized?

A

Antigens = surface marker on microbe

Antibody = made from host, who recognizes antigen

192
Q

Influenza virus can have antigenic variation

True or False

A

True: varies each year

193
Q

Type two secretion system

A

(Protein “syringes” found in gram- )

  • inject effectors into host to make it easier to infect
194
Q

Two ways t cause damage to host cells

A

Siderophores & toxins

195
Q

Siderophores

A

Proteins that bind iron (often taken from host)

196
Q

Toxins

A

Poisonous substances made by certain microorganisms

197
Q

What are the 2 types of toxins?

A

Endotoxin
Exotoxin

198
Q

Exotoxin

A

Produced inside bacteria and then released

199
Q

3 types of an exotoxin

A

A-b
Membrane disturbing
Superantigen

200
Q

Endotoxin

A

Part of pathogen (the cell wall of g-)

201
Q

Endotoxin a means

A

Active - effects cells function

202
Q

Endotoxin B means

A

Binding part - binds to host receptor allowing toxin into host

203
Q

Endotoxin membrane disturbing

A

Disrupts cell membrane & cell lysis occurs
Ex. Lipids

204
Q

What a re some portals of exit for microbes?

A

Mucus membranes
Skin
Blood

205
Q

Convolution

A

The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evaluation

Micro5 (14 decks)

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