Final Flashcards
Structure and function biological theme
Structure helps to determine function
Example of structure and function
Plasma membrane
- it is semi permeable = allowing only certain things to enter/ exit the cell
- this is due to having a hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
Evolution and adaptation biological theme
Those that adapt to their surroundings are most likely to survive and reporoduce
How does antibiotic resistance relate to biological theme evolution and adaptation
It can be passed via horizontal gene transfer
- those who get the antibiotic resistance are more likely to survive and reproduce
Biological theme: information flow
Central dogma of biology
DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ proteins
Spontaneous generation
The idea that microorganisms spontaneously come about
- wrong idea
Biogenesis
Living cells only arise from pre existing cells
Who is Louis Pasteur
Discovered biogenesis
Experiment he boiled broth in a straight flask and a curved neck flask to demonstrate microbes come from pre-existing microbes
- straight flask had growth and curved did not until he turned the curved flask on its side to allow those trapped particles in the curve to enter
Koch postulates
- Diseased individuals must be diseased, while Healthy remain healthy
- Isolate disease from diseased individual and grow it in pure culture (lab)
- Inoculate a healthy individual with the disease grown in pure culture to see if it causes disease (symptoms)
- Reisolate disease from inoculated host and see if it is the original disease
What are some exceptions to Koch postulates
- Ethical concerns
- Some microbe are hard to culture
- Some microbes cause multiple diseases
- A disease is caused by multiple microbes
- Asymptomatic individuals
Endosymbiosis theory
The first eukaryote came from the fusion of bacteria and archaea
Bacteria - mitochondria
Cytobacteria - chloroplast
What evidence supports the endosymbiosis theory
- Organelles have their own genome that looks like bacteria genome
- Organelles divide via a process similar to binary fusion
- Organelles have ribosomes that look like bacteria ribosomes
Eukaryotes characteristics
- eukaryotes
- have membrane bound organelles (linear dna)
- dna found in nucleus
- vertical gene transfer
Prokaryotes characteristics
- bacteria and Archea
- no membrane bound organelles
- Dna found in nucleoid (circular dna)
- can do horizontal gene transfer
Fluid mosaic modal
Cell wall is made of phospholipids that jiggle around
Gram positive cell wall
- thick peptidoglycan layer w/ inner membrane
- turns purple during gram staining
Gram negative cell wall
Small peptidoglycan layer
Inner/ outer membrane
- turns pink during germs staining
Gram staining procedures
- Use crystal violet
- Iodine
- Alcohol wash (dissolves outer membrane in G-)
- Safranin
Active transport
Moves against concentration - requires energy (atp)
Passive transport
Travels with concentration- doesn’t require energy (Atp)
Group translocation (type of active transport)
When a substrate is chemically altered once it paces through the plasma membrane
Ex. Glucose turns into g6-P
Group translocation occurs only in ________
Prokaryotes
(Bacteria/ archea)
Diffusion
Solutes moving from high to low concentration to reach equilibrium
(This is cellular transportation )
What are the 2 types of diffusion
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
The molecule can just freely cross the plasma membrane
- usually hydrophobic
Facilitated diffusion
Requires a protein channel to cross plasma membrane
Osmosis
The movement of water from low to high concentration
Capsules
Protect bacteria from immune system and prevents phagocytosis
- organized glycocalyx ( sugar coat)
What a re the physical growth requirements for bacteria
Temperature
Ph
Osmotic pressure
Why are the classifications of bacteria (temperature)
Psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
Bacteria classifications for ph
Acidophiles
Neutrophils
Alkaliphile
On the optimal growth chart what is the optimal temp mean
The ideal/ best temperature for a bacteria to grow
Obligate aerobes tube
- will have bubbles at the top
Sod & Cat present
Obligate anaerobe tube
Requires no oxygen - bubbles at the bottom of tube
- no Sod or Cat present
Facultative anaerobe tube
Likes o2 but can tolerate no o2 - bubble mostly at the top and little throughout
- Sod & Cat present
Binary fusion
A cell divides its dna into two cells
1 cell ➡️ 2 cells
Binary fusion steps
DNA replication (starts in chromosome)
Cell elongation & cell begins to separate
- septum form in the middle facilitating separation
- dna moves to each end of cell
3. Cell punches off taking the ftsz protein in each
Bacteria growth curve
- Lag phase - cell gets ready for cell division
- Log phase - # cells dividing > # cells dying
- Stationary phase - # cells dividing = # cells dying
- Death phase - # cells dying > # cells dividing
Endospores
Like bunkers - bacteria hide away
- occurs via sporulation
Why do bacteria create endospores
When environment conditions are not good or ideal for dividing
Free energy
The ability to do work
Catabolic reaction
Exergonic ( releases energy)
- breaks bonds down
Delta G-
Anabolic reaction
Endergonic (requires energy -ATP)
- bonds are made
Delta G+
Anaerobic respiration
Different final electron exceptor then oxygen
- makes less atp
Fermentation
Only goes through Glycolysis to make atp quickly
Goal = replenish nad+
What part of cellular respiration makes the most atp and how
Electron transport chain via atp synthase
Electron transport chain is generated by the
Proton gradient
- h+ going in
Cystic acid cycle
2nd step of cellular respiration
- it makes NADH & FADH
Some atp
Glycolysis
1st step of cellular respiration
- produces atp via phosphorylation
- NADH made
Pyruvate comes out = Acetyl coA in kreb cycle
Base pairs
A- t
C- G
DNA structure
Backbone = sugar phosphate
Base - purines & pyrimidines
- double stranded that are anti parallel
End of dna structure
5- end = phosphate
3- end = sugar