Final Flashcards
Structure and function biological theme
Structure helps to determine function
Example of structure and function
Plasma membrane
- it is semi permeable = allowing only certain things to enter/ exit the cell
- this is due to having a hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
Evolution and adaptation biological theme
Those that adapt to their surroundings are most likely to survive and reporoduce
How does antibiotic resistance relate to biological theme evolution and adaptation
It can be passed via horizontal gene transfer
- those who get the antibiotic resistance are more likely to survive and reproduce
Biological theme: information flow
Central dogma of biology
DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ proteins
Spontaneous generation
The idea that microorganisms spontaneously come about
- wrong idea
Biogenesis
Living cells only arise from pre existing cells
Who is Louis Pasteur
Discovered biogenesis
Experiment he boiled broth in a straight flask and a curved neck flask to demonstrate microbes come from pre-existing microbes
- straight flask had growth and curved did not until he turned the curved flask on its side to allow those trapped particles in the curve to enter
Koch postulates
- Diseased individuals must be diseased, while Healthy remain healthy
- Isolate disease from diseased individual and grow it in pure culture (lab)
- Inoculate a healthy individual with the disease grown in pure culture to see if it causes disease (symptoms)
- Reisolate disease from inoculated host and see if it is the original disease
What are some exceptions to Koch postulates
- Ethical concerns
- Some microbe are hard to culture
- Some microbes cause multiple diseases
- A disease is caused by multiple microbes
- Asymptomatic individuals
Endosymbiosis theory
The first eukaryote came from the fusion of bacteria and archaea
Bacteria - mitochondria
Cytobacteria - chloroplast
What evidence supports the endosymbiosis theory
- Organelles have their own genome that looks like bacteria genome
- Organelles divide via a process similar to binary fusion
- Organelles have ribosomes that look like bacteria ribosomes
Eukaryotes characteristics
- eukaryotes
- have membrane bound organelles (linear dna)
- dna found in nucleus
- vertical gene transfer
Prokaryotes characteristics
- bacteria and Archea
- no membrane bound organelles
- Dna found in nucleoid (circular dna)
- can do horizontal gene transfer
Fluid mosaic modal
Cell wall is made of phospholipids that jiggle around
Gram positive cell wall
- thick peptidoglycan layer w/ inner membrane
- turns purple during gram staining
Gram negative cell wall
Small peptidoglycan layer
Inner/ outer membrane
- turns pink during germs staining
Gram staining procedures
- Use crystal violet
- Iodine
- Alcohol wash (dissolves outer membrane in G-)
- Safranin
Active transport
Moves against concentration - requires energy (atp)
Passive transport
Travels with concentration- doesn’t require energy (Atp)
Group translocation (type of active transport)
When a substrate is chemically altered once it paces through the plasma membrane
Ex. Glucose turns into g6-P
Group translocation occurs only in ________
Prokaryotes
(Bacteria/ archea)
Diffusion
Solutes moving from high to low concentration to reach equilibrium
(This is cellular transportation )
What are the 2 types of diffusion
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion