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micro5 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Structure and function biological theme

A

Structure helps to determine function

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2
Q

Example of structure and function

A

Plasma membrane
- it is semi permeable = allowing only certain things to enter/ exit the cell

  • this is due to having a hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
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3
Q

Evolution and adaptation biological theme

A

Those that adapt to their surroundings are most likely to survive and reporoduce

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4
Q

How does antibiotic resistance relate to biological theme evolution and adaptation

A

It can be passed via horizontal gene transfer
- those who get the antibiotic resistance are more likely to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Biological theme: information flow

A

Central dogma of biology

DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ proteins

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6
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The idea that microorganisms spontaneously come about
- wrong idea

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7
Q

Biogenesis

A

Living cells only arise from pre existing cells

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8
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur

A

Discovered biogenesis

Experiment he boiled broth in a straight flask and a curved neck flask to demonstrate microbes come from pre-existing microbes

  • straight flask had growth and curved did not until he turned the curved flask on its side to allow those trapped particles in the curve to enter
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9
Q

Koch postulates

A
  1. Diseased individuals must be diseased, while Healthy remain healthy
  2. Isolate disease from diseased individual and grow it in pure culture (lab)
  3. Inoculate a healthy individual with the disease grown in pure culture to see if it causes disease (symptoms)
  4. Reisolate disease from inoculated host and see if it is the original disease
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10
Q

What are some exceptions to Koch postulates

A
  1. Ethical concerns
  2. Some microbe are hard to culture
  3. Some microbes cause multiple diseases
  4. A disease is caused by multiple microbes
  5. Asymptomatic individuals
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11
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

The first eukaryote came from the fusion of bacteria and archaea

Bacteria - mitochondria
Cytobacteria - chloroplast

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12
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiosis theory

A
  1. Organelles have their own genome that looks like bacteria genome
  2. Organelles divide via a process similar to binary fusion
  3. Organelles have ribosomes that look like bacteria ribosomes
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13
Q

Eukaryotes characteristics

A
  • eukaryotes
  • have membrane bound organelles (linear dna)
  • dna found in nucleus
  • vertical gene transfer
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14
Q

Prokaryotes characteristics

A
  • bacteria and Archea
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • Dna found in nucleoid (circular dna)
  • can do horizontal gene transfer
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15
Q

Fluid mosaic modal

A

Cell wall is made of phospholipids that jiggle around

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16
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A
  • thick peptidoglycan layer w/ inner membrane
  • turns purple during gram staining
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17
Q

Gram negative cell wall

A

Small peptidoglycan layer
Inner/ outer membrane
- turns pink during germs staining

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18
Q

Gram staining procedures

A
  1. Use crystal violet
  2. Iodine
  3. Alcohol wash (dissolves outer membrane in G-)
  4. Safranin
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19
Q

Active transport

A

Moves against concentration - requires energy (atp)

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20
Q

Passive transport

A

Travels with concentration- doesn’t require energy (Atp)

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21
Q

Group translocation (type of active transport)

A

When a substrate is chemically altered once it paces through the plasma membrane

Ex. Glucose turns into g6-P

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22
Q

Group translocation occurs only in ________

A

Prokaryotes
(Bacteria/ archea)

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Solutes moving from high to low concentration to reach equilibrium
(This is cellular transportation )

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The molecule can just freely cross the plasma membrane
- usually hydrophobic

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26
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Requires a protein channel to cross plasma membrane

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27
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from low to high concentration

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28
Q

Capsules

A

Protect bacteria from immune system and prevents phagocytosis

  • organized glycocalyx ( sugar coat)
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29
Q

What a re the physical growth requirements for bacteria

A

Temperature
Ph
Osmotic pressure

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30
Q

Why are the classifications of bacteria (temperature)

A

Psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs
Mesophiles
Thermophiles

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31
Q

Bacteria classifications for ph

A

Acidophiles
Neutrophils
Alkaliphile

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32
Q

On the optimal growth chart what is the optimal temp mean

A

The ideal/ best temperature for a bacteria to grow

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33
Q

Obligate aerobes tube

A
  • will have bubbles at the top

Sod & Cat present

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34
Q

Obligate anaerobe tube

A

Requires no oxygen - bubbles at the bottom of tube

  • no Sod or Cat present
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35
Q

Facultative anaerobe tube

A

Likes o2 but can tolerate no o2 - bubble mostly at the top and little throughout

  • Sod & Cat present
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36
Q

Binary fusion

A

A cell divides its dna into two cells

1 cell ➡️ 2 cells

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37
Q

Binary fusion steps

A

DNA replication (starts in chromosome)
Cell elongation & cell begins to separate
- septum form in the middle facilitating separation
- dna moves to each end of cell
3. Cell punches off taking the ftsz protein in each

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38
Q

Bacteria growth curve

A
  1. Lag phase - cell gets ready for cell division
  2. Log phase - # cells dividing > # cells dying
  3. Stationary phase - # cells dividing = # cells dying
  4. Death phase - # cells dying > # cells dividing
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39
Q

Endospores

A

Like bunkers - bacteria hide away

  • occurs via sporulation
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40
Q

Why do bacteria create endospores

A

When environment conditions are not good or ideal for dividing

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41
Q

Free energy

A

The ability to do work

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42
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Exergonic ( releases energy)
- breaks bonds down

Delta G-

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43
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Endergonic (requires energy -ATP)

  • bonds are made

Delta G+

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44
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Different final electron exceptor then oxygen
- makes less atp

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45
Q

Fermentation

A

Only goes through Glycolysis to make atp quickly

Goal = replenish nad+

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46
Q

What part of cellular respiration makes the most atp and how

A

Electron transport chain via atp synthase

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47
Q

Electron transport chain is generated by the

A

Proton gradient

  • h+ going in
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48
Q

Cystic acid cycle

A

2nd step of cellular respiration
- it makes NADH & FADH
Some atp

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49
Q

Glycolysis

A

1st step of cellular respiration
- produces atp via phosphorylation
- NADH made
Pyruvate comes out = Acetyl coA in kreb cycle

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50
Q

Base pairs

A

A- t
C- G

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51
Q

DNA structure

A

Backbone = sugar phosphate
Base - purines & pyrimidines

  • double stranded that are anti parallel
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52
Q

End of dna structure

A

5- end = phosphate
3- end = sugar

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53
Q

Semi conservative

A

And old stand of dna (template) will always be paired up with a new one

54
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds double helix dna at replication forks

55
Q

Single stranded binding proteins (sbp)

A

Stop dna from rebinding with each other

56
Q

Toposomerase (gyrase)

A

Releases tension ahead of Helicase

57
Q

Leading strand vs lagging strand

A

Leading = continuous w/ one rna primer

Lagging = discontinuous - needs multiple primers (Okazaki fragments)

58
Q

Primase

A

Creates rna primer

59
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments together

60
Q

DNA pol 1

A

Removes rna primers and replaces it with dna

61
Q

DNA pol 3

A
  • found on leading/ lagging strand

Sequences new dna

62
Q

Horizontal gene transfer vs vertical gene transfer

A

Horizontal - occurs w/in same generation

Vertical - b/w two different generation

63
Q

What are the tree types of horizontal gene transfer

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

64
Q

Transformation horizontal gene transfer

A

A donor cell (usually dead) relaxes dna into environment allowing recipient cell to take it up

65
Q

Conjugation

A

F+ (donor) cell transfers dna via sex pilus to f-

66
Q

Mechanism of conjugation

A
  1. Sex pilus formed b/w f+ & f-
  2. Mating bridge formed as f+ pulls f- close
  3. Part of f+ plasmid goes into f-
  4. Plasmids replicate turning both in to f+
67
Q

Transduction via horizontal gene transfer

A
  • occurs in virus

During maturation step of lytic cycle host dna is take up instead of virus genome

68
Q

Plasmid dna transfer consequence

A

It is retained in the cell
- replicates on its own w/ own origin of replication

69
Q

Two ways linear dna is transferred consequence

A

It can be take up - corporated

Not incorporated- degraded

70
Q

Broad vs narrow spectrum

A

Broad = works against multiple (many) types of bacteria

Narrow = only works on certain bacteria

71
Q

Magic bullet

A

Create an antibiotic that will target just the pathogen without it harming the host

72
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of of Antimicrobial drug actions

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis (ribosome )
  3. Inhibit metabolism
  4. Destroy the plasma membrane
  5. Inhibit dna replication/ rna
73
Q

Inhibit cell wall synthesis example

A

Penicillin
- it inactivated transpeptidase (what connects cross bridges) causing cell wall to weaken ➡️cell lysis

74
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis example

A

Prevent translocation from occurring

  • streptomycin, throbomysin
75
Q

Inhibit dna replication example

A

Fluruqunolones - Inhibit dna gyrase causing dna breakage

76
Q

Injury the plasma membrane example

A

Polymyxin b - inserts it to plasma membrane (causing holes)

77
Q

Inhibiting metabolism example

A

Sulfanilamide (sulfa drugs)
- interfering with a step of the folic acid synthesis

78
Q

Hospital vs community acquired infection

A

Hospital = got infection in a hospital

Community = got an infection in a non healthcare facility

79
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Block entry
  2. Inactivate by enzyme
  3. Efflux (kick it) out
  4. Alter molecule
80
Q

How do antibiotic resistance bacteria arise?

A

Over use of antibiotics
Mis use of antibiotics

81
Q

Are antibiotic resistance bacteria mutations spontaneous?

A

Yes! A mutation can develop with out ever seeing that antibiotic

82
Q

There is a selective pressure on antibiotic resistance bacteria to survive and reproduce

TRUE or FALSE

A

Trues

⬆️ antibiotic use = more a bacteria will be exposed to antibiotic= ⬆️ likelihood antibiotic resistant bacteria will service/ reproduce

83
Q

Superinfection

A

Overgrowth of a certain bacteria
- cause a disrupt in a community

84
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a microorganism to cause a disease by overcoming host defenses

85
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

86
Q

Virulence factors

A

Specific proteins that help a microbe establish disease

87
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of disease

88
Q

Pathogenesis

A

How a disease develops

89
Q

Epidemiology

A

Where and when a disease occurred and how it is transmitted

90
Q

Signs vs symptoms

A

Signs - physical changes a physical can see/ measure

Symptoms- hoe a person feels/ experiences

91
Q

What are the mechanisms of transmission of a disease

A

Contact - direct, indirect, droplet

Vehicle - essential (food,water,air)

Vector - biological (through a bite)
Mechanical (accidentally carry pathogen on feet - house flies)

92
Q

Fomite

A

Non,Irving object that spreads disease

  • stethoscope
93
Q

Transcription

A
  1. Initiation
    - dna unwinds a bit exposing promoter to allow rna polymerase to bind to it
  2. Elongation
    -. RNA polymerase created mRNA (5- to 3- end)
  3. Termination
    RNA polymerase pops off dna and mRNA released
94
Q

Translation

A

(Switching of languages)

Nucleotides ➡️ amino acids

95
Q

Mechanism of translation

A

Ribosome reads mRNA for ensemble proteins
A site = new tRNA come in w/ amino acid
P site - tRNA first binds here (peptide sits)
E site = exit (old tRNA leaves from here)

96
Q

Genetic code characteristics

A

Highly conserved
Read in 3 nucleotides at a time
Redundant not ambiguous

97
Q

Redundant vs ambiguous

A

Redundant = one codon can code for many amino acids

Ambiguous= each codon only codes for one amino acid

98
Q

Repressible operon

A

Turns off when tryptophan is present

  • when TPR is bound to repressor it is able to bind to operator
99
Q

Inducible operon

A

Turns when lactose is present

  • when co repressor (allolactose) bound to repressor = can not bind to operator
100
Q

What happens when a repressor binds to the operator site on operon?

A

Operator = on/ off switch
- repressor bound to operator blocks RNA polymerase

101
Q

Mutation

A

Change in dna sequence

102
Q

Types of mutations

A

Silent, Missense, nonsense, frameshift

103
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation still codes for the same amino acid

104
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation that changes codon to code for a different amino acid

Non conservative = new amino acid is chemically different

Conservative = new amino acid is not chemically different

105
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Mutation that changes amino acid to stop codon

  • causes non functional protein
106
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion of nucleotides
-affects

107
Q

Virus structure

A
  • nucleic acid
    DNA/ rna
    Protein coat
108
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat that surrounds nucleic acid

109
Q

Bacteriophage replication include

A

Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle

110
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Attachment - tail faibers help attach to cell

Penetration- drives core through cell allowing sheath inject genetic info

Biosynthesis- dna replication & rna via transcription / translation

Maturation- dna/ proteins cell assemble

Release - virus release resulting in cell lysis

111
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Host cell survives

  • viral dna integrated into genome
112
Q

Animal virus replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Uncoating
  4. Biosynthesis
  5. Maturation
  6. Release
113
Q

What are the 2 ways of entry for animal viruses

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis - virus bound to protein on plasma membrane and membrane folds bringing it in

Fusion - envelope fuses plasma membrane and releases the capsid into cells cytoplasm

114
Q

What are the 2 ways animal virus cells can be released

A

Rupture - plasma membrane brakes open releasing virus

Budding - plasma membrane surrounds the virus and pinches off forming an envelope

115
Q

Phases of disease

A

Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of illness
Period of decline

116
Q

Incubation period

A

Time between infection and signs/symptoms

117
Q

Prodromal period

A

Mild signs and symptoms
- first few days so hard to distinguish it from cold and other disease

118
Q

Period of illness

A

Immune system actively fighting pathogen
- most severe symptoms

119
Q

Period of decline

A

Immune system is wining
Signs/symptoms decline

120
Q

Period of convalescence

A

When body Is recovering
- regaining strength

121
Q

Portals of entry

A

Mucus membranes
Skin

122
Q

ID50 vs LD50

A

Id - infectious dose that infects 50% population

Ld- lethal dose ( kills 50% of population)

123
Q

Adherence

A

Microbe attaching to plasma membrane

124
Q

What’re ways bacteria can hide from immune system

A

Capsule
Extracellular enzymes - coagulase & igA proteasis

Antigenic variation

Type 2 secretion system

125
Q

Coagulase

A

Converts fibrinogen into fibrin

126
Q

IgA proteasis

A

Destroys igA antibodies

127
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Alter surface molecules

  • like a disguise ( pathogen changes it’s antigens so it can not be recognized)
128
Q

Type 2 secretion

A

Injects “syringes” releasing effector into host to make it easier to infect

129
Q

Exotoxin vs endotoxin

A

Exotoxin- made by pathogen then released

Endotoxin- part of pathogen

130
Q

2 types of endotoxin

A

A/b toxin
Membrane disturbing

micro5 (14 decks)

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