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Paramedic > Test 3 review > Flashcards

Test 3 review Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the lymph intra or extra cellular?

A

Extracellular

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2
Q

Where do lymph come from?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Is there a pump to move the lymphocytes?

A

There is no pump. Enter a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel for transport to another site.

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4
Q

What are the primary cells of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

What are the three classes of lymphocytes?

A

T cells

B cells

NK cells

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6
Q

What is the function of a T cell?

A

Directly attack foreign or virus infected cell.

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7
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Bone marrow-derived cells. B cells secrete antibodies, these antibodies are also called immune-globulins.

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8
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissue. (immune surveillance.

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9
Q

What are the three lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, thymus, the spleen

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10
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small, oval lymphoid organs covered by a fibrous capsule. Defend us against bacteria and other invaders.

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11
Q

Thymus

A

Site of the T cell production and maturation.

Secrete hormones collectively known thymosins.

T cell trainers.

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12
Q

Spleen

A

Contains largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body.

Filters blood unlike the lymph nodes that filter lymph.

spleen removes abnormal blood cells and components.

Initiates the responses of B cells and T cells to antigens in the circulating blood.

Stores iron from recycled red blood cells.

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13
Q

Tonsils

A

Large clusters of lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx. They guard the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

MALT

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14
Q

What quadrant is the spleen located in?

A

Left Upper Quadrant

You can live without the spleen

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15
Q

What is the lymphocyte responsible for anaphylaxis?

A

B cells.

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16
Q

What is the relationship between antibodies and antigens?

A

Antibodies kill antigens. Antibodies bind to specific chemical targets known as antigens.

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17
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Genetically determined and present at birth.

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18
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Not present at birth, instead it develops only when you have been exposed to a specific antigen. Can be active or passive.

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19
Q

Does a vaccine provide a primary or secondary response?

A

Primary

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20
Q

3 major functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretion-removal of organic waste products from the body

Elimination- discharge of these waste products into the environment

homeostatic regulation- of the volume and solute concentration of blood.

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21
Q

What are the functions of nephrons?

A

Urine production begins in nephrons

Nephrons convert filtrate to urine

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22
Q

Flow of urine through the body

A

urine is produced in the kidney lobes, Ducts within each renal papilla discharge unrine into a cup-shaped drain called a Minor Calyx. Four or Five Minor Calyces merge to form a major Calyx. Two or three of Major Calyces form a large, funnel shaped chamber the renal pelvis. Renal pelvis is connected to the ureter, through which urine drains out of the kidney

Simpler version: Minor Calyx, Major calyx, renal pelvis. ureter, bladder

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23
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

Branching from each cortical radiate artery, Deliver blood to the capillaries supplying individual nephrons.

Blood reaches each nephron through an afferent arteriole.

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24
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Leaves a nephron from efferent arteriole.

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25
Q

Flow of blood through a nephron

A

Comes in through afferent arterioles, flows through the renal Corpuscle with contains glomerulus (capillaries that filter) also encapsulated by Bowmans Capsule, through the proximal convoluted tubule, through the nephron loop, through the distal convuluted tubule, into a collecting duct, into the ureters.

Simpler version: Afferent arterioles, Renal corpuscle, glomerulus, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct, ureters.

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26
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute.

125 mL per minute.

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27
Q

Three metabolic waste products

A

Urea- formed during the breakdown of amino acids.

Creatinine: Generated in skeletal muscle tissue through the breakdown of creatine phosphate.

uric Acid: product of the breakdown and recycling of RNA molecules.

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28
Q

Three distinct physiological processes that take place in each neuron

A

Filtration: blood pressure forces water across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle.

Reabsorption: Removal of water and solute molecules from the tubular fluid, and their movement across the tubular epithelium and into the peritubular fluid.

Secretion: transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the tubular fluid.

29
Q

6 related processes of digestion

A

Ingestion:food and drink enter the mouth

Mechanical processing: tongue and teeth begin this process

Digestion: chemical breakdown of food

Secretion

Absorption:

Excretion: removal of waste in the body

30
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

31
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

Innermost section of the tooth

32
Q

Enamel

A

Covers the crown of the tooth

33
Q

Dentin

A

Middle portion of the tooth outside of the pulp cavity.

34
Q

Gingiva

A

Gum line

35
Q

How many teeth does a child have? Adult?

A

child 20

Adult 32

36
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Also called periodontal ligament, fleshy tissue between the tooth and tooth socket that holds the tooth in place.

37
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid

38
Q

What is mumps?

A

inflammation of parotids glands

39
Q

What connects the small intestine to the stomach?

A

Pylorus

40
Q

What is the pylorus sphincter?

A

Regulates the flow of chyme between the stomach and the small intestine.

41
Q

What is chyme?

A

Viscous, high acidic, soupy mixture of partially digested food

42
Q

Stomach connects to the esophagus where?

A

Top of the stomach, cardia. Cardiac sphincter.

43
Q

Layers of the stomach wall (alimentary)

A

Mucosa (top), submucosa (second), muscularis externa, serosa or serous layer.

44
Q

Lining of abdominal cavity?

A

parietal peritoneum

45
Q

Lining of stomach

A

Visceral peritoneum

46
Q

Pouch that hangs over and protects the abdominal viscera

A

Greater momentum.

47
Q

Protective barrier from the lesser curvature to the liver

A

Lesser omentum

48
Q

Pylorus

A

Distal part of the stomach. Connects stomach to small intestine.

49
Q

Rugae

A

Allow stomach to expand.

50
Q

Duodenum

A

Segment of the small intestine, closest to the stomach. The mixing bowl.

51
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the axis of a tube such as the digestive tract.

52
Q

Air flow through respiratory system

A

Enters nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, splits at the carina into bronchi, bronchioles, into the alveoli

53
Q

What washes surfactant off of alveoli?

A

Drowning

54
Q

Purpose of cilia

A

Cilia sweeps mucus and any trapped debris or microorganisms toward the pharynx.

55
Q

Reason respiratory rate increases

Acidotic or Alkalotic?

A

High CO2 levels. breathe faster to breathe it off

High CO2= acidotic

56
Q

What moves into alveoli?

A

CO2

57
Q

what moves into bloodstream from alveoli?

A

Oxygen

58
Q

What in the brain controls rate?

A

Medulla

59
Q

What in the brain controls rhythm?

A

Pons

60
Q

Inhalation does what to diaphram

A

Contracts diaphram

61
Q

Hypo vs hyper with CO2 levels

A

28 CO2=hyper

60CO2=hypo (heroin addict at golden slumbers nursing home)

62
Q

Largest cartilage in the body

A

Thyroid

63
Q

Provides posterior support of the larynx

A

Cricoid cartilage

64
Q

Tidal volume

A

Air in one breath

500 mL

65
Q

Minute respiratory rate formula

A

Tidal volume X Breaths per minute

66
Q

Oxygen % inhaled vs exhaled

A 
inhaled= 21%
exhaled= 16%
67
Q

What keeps the lungs from popping from too much inhalation?

A

Herring-Brewer

68
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

69
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

Larynx (voice box, vocal cords location), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, split at carina, lungs which contain the bronchioles

Paramedic (11 decks)

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