Test 3 review Flashcards
Is the lymph intra or extra cellular?
Extracellular
Where do lymph come from?
Plasma
Is there a pump to move the lymphocytes?
There is no pump. Enter a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel for transport to another site.
What are the primary cells of the lymphatic system?
Lymphocytes
What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
T cells
B cells
NK cells
What is the function of a T cell?
Directly attack foreign or virus infected cell.
What is the function of B cells?
Bone marrow-derived cells. B cells secrete antibodies, these antibodies are also called immune-globulins.
What are the functions of NK cells?
Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissue. (immune surveillance.
What are the three lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, thymus, the spleen
Lymph nodes
Small, oval lymphoid organs covered by a fibrous capsule. Defend us against bacteria and other invaders.
Thymus
Site of the T cell production and maturation.
Secrete hormones collectively known thymosins.
T cell trainers.
Spleen
Contains largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body.
Filters blood unlike the lymph nodes that filter lymph.
spleen removes abnormal blood cells and components.
Initiates the responses of B cells and T cells to antigens in the circulating blood.
Stores iron from recycled red blood cells.
Tonsils
Large clusters of lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx. They guard the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
MALT
What quadrant is the spleen located in?
Left Upper Quadrant
You can live without the spleen
What is the lymphocyte responsible for anaphylaxis?
B cells.
What is the relationship between antibodies and antigens?
Antibodies kill antigens. Antibodies bind to specific chemical targets known as antigens.
What is innate immunity?
Genetically determined and present at birth.
What is adaptive immunity?
Not present at birth, instead it develops only when you have been exposed to a specific antigen. Can be active or passive.
Does a vaccine provide a primary or secondary response?
Primary
3 major functions of the urinary system?
Excretion-removal of organic waste products from the body
Elimination- discharge of these waste products into the environment
homeostatic regulation- of the volume and solute concentration of blood.
What are the functions of nephrons?
Urine production begins in nephrons
Nephrons convert filtrate to urine
Flow of urine through the body
urine is produced in the kidney lobes, Ducts within each renal papilla discharge unrine into a cup-shaped drain called a Minor Calyx. Four or Five Minor Calyces merge to form a major Calyx. Two or three of Major Calyces form a large, funnel shaped chamber the renal pelvis. Renal pelvis is connected to the ureter, through which urine drains out of the kidney
Simpler version: Minor Calyx, Major calyx, renal pelvis. ureter, bladder
Afferent Arteriole
Branching from each cortical radiate artery, Deliver blood to the capillaries supplying individual nephrons.
Blood reaches each nephron through an afferent arteriole.
Efferent arteriole
Leaves a nephron from efferent arteriole.
Flow of blood through a nephron
Comes in through afferent arterioles, flows through the renal Corpuscle with contains glomerulus (capillaries that filter) also encapsulated by Bowmans Capsule, through the proximal convoluted tubule, through the nephron loop, through the distal convuluted tubule, into a collecting duct, into the ureters.
Simpler version: Afferent arterioles, Renal corpuscle, glomerulus, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct, ureters.
Glomerular filtration rate
Amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute.
125 mL per minute.
Three metabolic waste products
Urea- formed during the breakdown of amino acids.
Creatinine: Generated in skeletal muscle tissue through the breakdown of creatine phosphate.
uric Acid: product of the breakdown and recycling of RNA molecules.
Three distinct physiological processes that take place in each neuron
Filtration: blood pressure forces water across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle.
Reabsorption: Removal of water and solute molecules from the tubular fluid, and their movement across the tubular epithelium and into the peritubular fluid.
Secretion: transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the tubular fluid.
6 related processes of digestion
Ingestion:food and drink enter the mouth
Mechanical processing: tongue and teeth begin this process
Digestion: chemical breakdown of food
Secretion
Absorption:
Excretion: removal of waste in the body
What is mastication?
Chewing
Pulp Cavity
Innermost section of the tooth
Enamel
Covers the crown of the tooth
Dentin
Middle portion of the tooth outside of the pulp cavity.
Gingiva
Gum line
How many teeth does a child have? Adult?
child 20
Adult 32
Periodontal membrane
Also called periodontal ligament, fleshy tissue between the tooth and tooth socket that holds the tooth in place.
3 salivary glands
Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid
What is mumps?
inflammation of parotids glands
What connects the small intestine to the stomach?
Pylorus
What is the pylorus sphincter?
Regulates the flow of chyme between the stomach and the small intestine.
What is chyme?
Viscous, high acidic, soupy mixture of partially digested food
Stomach connects to the esophagus where?
Top of the stomach, cardia. Cardiac sphincter.
Layers of the stomach wall (alimentary)
Mucosa (top), submucosa (second), muscularis externa, serosa or serous layer.
Lining of abdominal cavity?
parietal peritoneum
Lining of stomach
Visceral peritoneum
Pouch that hangs over and protects the abdominal viscera
Greater momentum.
Protective barrier from the lesser curvature to the liver
Lesser omentum
Pylorus
Distal part of the stomach. Connects stomach to small intestine.
Rugae
Allow stomach to expand.
Duodenum
Segment of the small intestine, closest to the stomach. The mixing bowl.
Peristalsis
Wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the axis of a tube such as the digestive tract.
Air flow through respiratory system
Enters nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, splits at the carina into bronchi, bronchioles, into the alveoli
What washes surfactant off of alveoli?
Drowning
Purpose of cilia
Cilia sweeps mucus and any trapped debris or microorganisms toward the pharynx.
Reason respiratory rate increases
Acidotic or Alkalotic?
High CO2 levels. breathe faster to breathe it off
High CO2= acidotic
What moves into alveoli?
CO2
what moves into bloodstream from alveoli?
Oxygen
What in the brain controls rate?
Medulla
What in the brain controls rhythm?
Pons
Inhalation does what to diaphram
Contracts diaphram
Hypo vs hyper with CO2 levels
28 CO2=hyper
60CO2=hypo (heroin addict at golden slumbers nursing home)
Largest cartilage in the body
Thyroid
Provides posterior support of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
Tidal volume
Air in one breath
500 mL
Minute respiratory rate formula
Tidal volume X Breaths per minute
Oxygen % inhaled vs exhaled
inhaled= 21% exhaled= 16%
What keeps the lungs from popping from too much inhalation?
Herring-Brewer
Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Lower respiratory system
Larynx (voice box, vocal cords location), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, split at carina, lungs which contain the bronchioles
