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Paramedic > CH 11-13 cardio system > Flashcards

CH 11-13 cardio system Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary functions of blood

A

Transportation- nutrients, waste, products, gases, hormones

Regulation- fluid-electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, body temperature

Protection- against pathogens by wbc and the blood clotting mechanism

stabilization of body temperature

Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites

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2
Q

Composition of blood

A

Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells, the formed elements are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma.

Formed elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets) (45%of volume) suspended in a nonliving fluid plasma (55%) of volume

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

55% of whole blood. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and is appox. 92% water

Transports:
Proteins (albumin)
Nutrients
Waste products
Hormones
Antibodies

Hormones produced by endocrine glands are carried in the plasma to their target organs.

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4
Q

Plasma proteins

A

The other 9% (by volume) of the plasma is made up of circulating plasma proteins

Clotting factors- circulate until activated to form a clot in a ruptured or damaged blood vessel.

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5
Q

Formed elements

A

1 molecule of hemoglobin= 4 molecules of O2

RBC, WBC, and platelets (cell fragments that clot)

Accounts for 45% of whole blood

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6
Q

What does aspirin do to platelets?

A

Makes them not stick. So they won’t continue to clot.

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7
Q

RBC transport what?

A

Also known as erythrocytes, transport o2 and CO2

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8
Q

WBC function?

A

Also called leukocytes

Part of the body’s defense mechanism

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9
Q

Ph of blood

Co2 normal levels of blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

35-45

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10
Q

Albumins

A

Constitue 60% of all plasma proteins

Major contributor to osmotic pressure

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11
Q

Globulins

A 
Constitue 35% of plasma proteins
Includes antibodies and transport proteins
Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins
Attack foreign proteins and pathogens
Transport proteins
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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Functions in blood clotting

Form large insoluble strands of fibrin.

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13
Q

Which part of blood doesn’t clot?

A

Serum-Fluid that remains after clotting proteins removed

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14
Q

What does the liver do for blood?

A

Synthesizes more than 90% of plasma proteins (al albumins and fibrinogen)
Most globulins
Liver disorder=clotting problems

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15
Q

What do antibodies take out?

A

Antigens. They also neutralize them.

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16
Q

3 formed elements

A

RBC=erythrocytes
WBC= leukocytes
Platelets= Cell fragments for clotting

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17
Q

Purpose of hemoglobin

A

A protein Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Misfolded hemoglobin= sickle cell anemia

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18
Q

Anemia

A

Blood has a low hematocrit (low oxygen carrying capacity)

RBC’s have reduced hemoglobin content which results in reduced oxygen carrying capacity

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19
Q

Jaundice

A

Caused when bile ducts are blocked
Hep A
Bilirubin defuses into peripheral tissues
Causes a yellowing of the skin and sclera

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20
Q

Erythropoieses

A

Red blood cell formation

Occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue

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21
Q

Antigen

A

Substances that can trigger an immune response

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22
Q

Surface antigens

A

Present on all cells

Recognized as normal by immune defenses

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23
Q

RBC and 3 antigens of blood type

A

Presence or absence of 3 antigens determines blood type.

A, B, Rh

Type A has antigen A only
Type B has antigen B only
Type AB has both antigen A and B
Type O has neither antigen A nor B

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24
Q

antigen vs antibody

A

Antigen is attached to the cell
Antibody is attached to the plasma.
Antigen type A on cell, looing for type B in plasma

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25
Q

Agglutinaion

A

RBC’s clumping together when foreign blood cells enter the blood stream. B antigen and B on plasma bind together

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26
Q

WBC’s differences from RBC’s

A

Larger size
Nucleus and other organelles present
Lack hemoglobin
Defend the body against pathogen invasion
Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal damaged cells

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27
Q

heparin and histamine

A

heparin- prevents blood clotting

Histamine- enhances local inflammation initiated by mast cells in damaged tissues

28
Q

Leukopenia vs leukocytosis

A

Leukopenia- indicates a reduced quantity of WBC’s

Leukocytosis- refers to an excessive of WBC’s (leukemia)
Cancer of blood-forming tissue

normal WBc count is 5000-10000

29
Q

Low platelet count

A

Referred to as thrombocytopenia

Less than 80,000 per microliter

30
Q

thrombocytosis

A

Platelet count exceeds 1,000,000
Results from accelerated platelet formation
Response to infection, inflammation, or cancer

31
Q

3 overlapping phases of homeostasis

A

Phase 1: vascular phase: vascular spasm, local contraction triggered by cutting the wall of a blood vessel, vasoconstrict, lasts about 30 minutes

Phase 2: platelet phase: Platelets attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers, begins within 15 seconds of the injury
more platelets arrive and attach to each other, mass of platelets that may close the break in the vessel wall

Phase 3: coagulation phase: Does not start for more than 30 seconds after vessel is damages. Coagulation; blood clotting

32
Q

Fibrinogen*

A

Becomes fibrin threads

33
Q

3 pathways for blood clot formation

A

Extrinsic pathway: begins outside the bloodstream, in the vessel wall. Factor 7 and factor 10. Another clotting protein, forms an enzyme capable of activating factor 10

Intrinsic pathway: begins inside the bloodstream

Common pathway is the joining of the 2 other pathways

34
Q

Common pathway*

A

Begins with the activation of factor 10

factor 10 forms the enzyme prothrombinase

converts the clotting protein prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

35
Q

3 major types of blood vessels

A

Arteriers: Carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries: which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues

Veins: carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart

36
Q

3 layers of arteries and veins*

A

Tunica interna (thinnest layer)

Tunica Media (thickest layer in arteries) Rich in vascular smooth muscle in a framework of connective tissue composed of mostly elastin with some collagen fibers

Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) (thickest layer in veins)

37
Q

Artery vs vein

A

Artery is high pressure
Arteries don’t have valves
Arteries have a thick tunica media

Vein is low
Vein has a valve
Veins have a thick tunica externa

38
Q

Blood flow through heart and lungs

A

Right A to right V to pulmonary artery, (only artery that carries deoxygenated blood). Goes to capillary network around alveoli. Pulmonary artery to pulmonary vein (only vein to carry oxygenated blood) which goes to left A to left V pumps blood to rest of body.

39
Q

Sytolic vs diastolic

A

Systolic pressure is the pressure of your heart at contraction

Diastolic is the pressure of your heart at rest

40
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. Want it to be around around 40

41
Q

How to find mean arterial pressure

A

Take diastolic pressure, multiply it by 2, add it to systolic, divide it by 3.

Want it over 60.

42
Q

What is cardiac output*

A

Cardiac output=Heart rate x stroke volume

How much blood is coming out with each contraction

43
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Drain in the organs of digestion to the liver

The hepatic portal system does just that by absorbing the nutrients, wastes and toxins from the digestive system and transporting them to the liver for processing before they make their way into the system.

44
Q

Pulmonary circuit vs systemic circuit

A

Pulmonary circuit: carries blood to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs

Systemic: transports blood to and from the rest of the body

45
Q

Arteries

A

Efferent vessels

Carry blood away from the heart

46
Q

Heart Right side

A

Right atrium: receives blood from systemic circuit

Right ventricle: Discharges blood into pulmonary circuit

47
Q

Heart left side

A

Left atrium: receives blood from pulmonary circuit

left ventricle: discharges blood into the systemic circuit

Top two beat at the same time, bottom two beat at the same time.

48
Q

visceral pericardium

A

Also referred to as the epicardium, covers the outer surface of the heart

49
Q

Parietal paricardium

A

Lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac

50
Q

3 distance layers of the heart

A

Epicardium or visceral pericardium: covers the outer surface of the heart

Myocardium: muscular wall of the heart

Endocardium: covers the hearts inner surfaces and valves

51
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

Opens between the atria and ventricle on the same side

Ensures a one way flow of blood

52
Q

Valves TPMA

A

Tricuspid Valve: right atrium to right ventricle

Pulmonary valve: right ventricle to pulmonary vein

Mitral or bicuspid valve: left atrium to left ventricle

Aortic valve: left ventricle to ascending aorta

53
Q

Blood supply to the heart

A

Right coronary artery: supplies to the right atrium, supplies blood to portions of both ventricles

Left coronary artery: supplies blood to left atrium, supplies blood to the left ventricle

54
Q

2 branches of the left coronary artery

A

Circumflex branch

Anterior inter ventricular (descending) branch

55
Q

Infarction

A

Area of dead tissue

Caused by interruption in blood flow

56
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Coronary circulation becomes blocked

Cardiac muscle cells die from a lack of oxygen

Most often occurs as a result of coronary artery disease (build up of fatty deposits in the walls of the coronary arteries)

57
Q

Contractile cells

A

99% of all cardiac muscle cells

Action potential in ventricular muscle cells proceeds in 3 steps

Step 1 Rapid depolarization: sodium channels open, influx of sodium depolarizes the sarcolemma, sodium channels close when transmembrane potential reaches +30 mV

Step 2: plateau: cell begins to actively pump sodium out, calcium channels open, calcium gain roughly balances sodium loss

Step 3: repolarization: Calcium channels begin to close, potassium channels open and rushes out of the cell, and restores the resting potential

58
Q

The normal rate of contraction is established by

A

Pacemaker cells.

59
Q

Location of pacemaker cells

A 
SA node (sinoatrial)
AV node (atrioventricular)
Purkinje fibers
60
Q

Bradycardia vs tachycardia

A

brady: HR below 60

Tachy: HR above 100

61
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

62
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricles depolarization

63
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

64
Q

Stroke volume is..

A

Amount ejected by 1 ventricle

65
Q

Cardiac output is..

CO= SV x HR

A

Amount pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

66
Q

Frank-starling principle

A

More in=more out

More cardiac muscle is stretched the stronger contraction and better cardiac output you get

Paramedic (11 decks)

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