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Paramedic > CH 11-13 cardio system > Flashcards

CH 11-13 cardio system Flashcards

1
Q

Primary functions of blood

A

Transportation- nutrients, waste, products, gases, hormones

Regulation- fluid-electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, body temperature

Protection- against pathogens by wbc and the blood clotting mechanism

stabilization of body temperature

Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites

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2
Q

Composition of blood

A

Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells, the formed elements are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma.

Formed elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets) (45%of volume) suspended in a nonliving fluid plasma (55%) of volume

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

55% of whole blood. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and is appox. 92% water

Transports:
Proteins (albumin)
Nutrients
Waste products
Hormones
Antibodies

Hormones produced by endocrine glands are carried in the plasma to their target organs.

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4
Q

Plasma proteins

A

The other 9% (by volume) of the plasma is made up of circulating plasma proteins

Clotting factors- circulate until activated to form a clot in a ruptured or damaged blood vessel.

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5
Q

Formed elements

A

1 molecule of hemoglobin= 4 molecules of O2

RBC, WBC, and platelets (cell fragments that clot)

Accounts for 45% of whole blood

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6
Q

What does aspirin do to platelets?

A

Makes them not stick. So they won’t continue to clot.

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7
Q

RBC transport what?

A

Also known as erythrocytes, transport o2 and CO2

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8
Q

WBC function?

A

Also called leukocytes

Part of the body’s defense mechanism

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9
Q

Ph of blood

Co2 normal levels of blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

35-45

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10
Q

Albumins

A

Constitue 60% of all plasma proteins

Major contributor to osmotic pressure

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11
Q

Globulins

A 
Constitue 35% of plasma proteins
Includes antibodies and transport proteins
Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins
Attack foreign proteins and pathogens
Transport proteins
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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Functions in blood clotting

Form large insoluble strands of fibrin.

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13
Q

Which part of blood doesn’t clot?

A

Serum-Fluid that remains after clotting proteins removed

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14
Q

What does the liver do for blood?

A

Synthesizes more than 90% of plasma proteins (al albumins and fibrinogen)
Most globulins
Liver disorder=clotting problems

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15
Q

What do antibodies take out?

A

Antigens. They also neutralize them.

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16
Q

3 formed elements

A

RBC=erythrocytes
WBC= leukocytes
Platelets= Cell fragments for clotting

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17
Q

Purpose of hemoglobin

A

A protein Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Misfolded hemoglobin= sickle cell anemia

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18
Q

Anemia

A

Blood has a low hematocrit (low oxygen carrying capacity)

RBC’s have reduced hemoglobin content which results in reduced oxygen carrying capacity

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19
Q

Jaundice

A

Caused when bile ducts are blocked
Hep A
Bilirubin defuses into peripheral tissues
Causes a yellowing of the skin and sclera

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20
Q

Erythropoieses

A

Red blood cell formation

Occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue

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21
Q

Antigen

A

Substances that can trigger an immune response

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22
Q

Surface antigens

A

Present on all cells

Recognized as normal by immune defenses

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23
Q

RBC and 3 antigens of blood type

A

Presence or absence of 3 antigens determines blood type.

A, B, Rh

Type A has antigen A only
Type B has antigen B only
Type AB has both antigen A and B
Type O has neither antigen A nor B

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24
Q

antigen vs antibody

A

Antigen is attached to the cell
Antibody is attached to the plasma.
Antigen type A on cell, looing for type B in plasma

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25
Agglutinaion
RBC's clumping together when foreign blood cells enter the blood stream. B antigen and B on plasma bind together
26
WBC's differences from RBC's
Larger size Nucleus and other organelles present Lack hemoglobin Defend the body against pathogen invasion Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal damaged cells
27
heparin and histamine
heparin- prevents blood clotting Histamine- enhances local inflammation initiated by mast cells in damaged tissues
28
Leukopenia vs leukocytosis
Leukopenia- indicates a reduced quantity of WBC's Leukocytosis- refers to an excessive of WBC's (leukemia) Cancer of blood-forming tissue normal WBc count is 5000-10000
29
Low platelet count
Referred to as thrombocytopenia | Less than 80,000 per microliter
30
thrombocytosis
Platelet count exceeds 1,000,000 Results from accelerated platelet formation Response to infection, inflammation, or cancer
31
3 overlapping phases of homeostasis
Phase 1: vascular phase: vascular spasm, local contraction triggered by cutting the wall of a blood vessel, vasoconstrict, lasts about 30 minutes Phase 2: platelet phase: Platelets attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers, begins within 15 seconds of the injury more platelets arrive and attach to each other, mass of platelets that may close the break in the vessel wall Phase 3: coagulation phase: Does not start for more than 30 seconds after vessel is damages. Coagulation; blood clotting
32
Fibrinogen*
Becomes fibrin threads
33
3 pathways for blood clot formation
Extrinsic pathway: begins outside the bloodstream, in the vessel wall. Factor 7 and factor 10. Another clotting protein, forms an enzyme capable of activating factor 10 Intrinsic pathway: begins inside the bloodstream Common pathway is the joining of the 2 other pathways
34
Common pathway*
Begins with the activation of factor 10 factor 10 forms the enzyme prothrombinase converts the clotting protein prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
35
3 major types of blood vessels
Arteriers: Carry blood away from the heart Capillaries: which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues Veins: carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart
36
3 layers of arteries and veins*
Tunica interna (thinnest layer) Tunica Media (thickest layer in arteries) Rich in vascular smooth muscle in a framework of connective tissue composed of mostly elastin with some collagen fibers Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) (thickest layer in veins)
37
Artery vs vein
Artery is high pressure Arteries don't have valves Arteries have a thick tunica media Vein is low Vein has a valve Veins have a thick tunica externa
38
Blood flow through heart and lungs
Right A to right V to pulmonary artery, (only artery that carries deoxygenated blood). Goes to capillary network around alveoli. Pulmonary artery to pulmonary vein (only vein to carry oxygenated blood) which goes to left A to left V pumps blood to rest of body.
39
Sytolic vs diastolic
Systolic pressure is the pressure of your heart at contraction Diastolic is the pressure of your heart at rest
40
Pulse pressure
Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. Want it to be around around 40
41
How to find mean arterial pressure
Take diastolic pressure, multiply it by 2, add it to systolic, divide it by 3. Want it over 60.
42
What is cardiac output*
Cardiac output=Heart rate x stroke volume | How much blood is coming out with each contraction
43
Hepatic portal system
Drain in the organs of digestion to the liver The hepatic portal system does just that by absorbing the nutrients, wastes and toxins from the digestive system and transporting them to the liver for processing before they make their way into the system.
44
Pulmonary circuit vs systemic circuit
Pulmonary circuit: carries blood to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs Systemic: transports blood to and from the rest of the body
45
Arteries
Efferent vessels | Carry blood away from the heart
46
Heart Right side
Right atrium: receives blood from systemic circuit Right ventricle: Discharges blood into pulmonary circuit
47
Heart left side
Left atrium: receives blood from pulmonary circuit left ventricle: discharges blood into the systemic circuit Top two beat at the same time, bottom two beat at the same time.
48
visceral pericardium
Also referred to as the epicardium, covers the outer surface of the heart
49
Parietal paricardium
Lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac
50
3 distance layers of the heart
Epicardium or visceral pericardium: covers the outer surface of the heart Myocardium: muscular wall of the heart Endocardium: covers the hearts inner surfaces and valves
51
Atrioventricular valve
Opens between the atria and ventricle on the same side | Ensures a one way flow of blood
52
Valves TPMA
Tricuspid Valve: right atrium to right ventricle Pulmonary valve: right ventricle to pulmonary vein Mitral or bicuspid valve: left atrium to left ventricle Aortic valve: left ventricle to ascending aorta
53
Blood supply to the heart
Right coronary artery: supplies to the right atrium, supplies blood to portions of both ventricles Left coronary artery: supplies blood to left atrium, supplies blood to the left ventricle
54
2 branches of the left coronary artery
Circumflex branch Anterior inter ventricular (descending) branch
55
Infarction
Area of dead tissue Caused by interruption in blood flow
56
Myocardial infarction
Coronary circulation becomes blocked Cardiac muscle cells die from a lack of oxygen Most often occurs as a result of coronary artery disease (build up of fatty deposits in the walls of the coronary arteries)
57
Contractile cells
99% of all cardiac muscle cells Action potential in ventricular muscle cells proceeds in 3 steps Step 1 Rapid depolarization: sodium channels open, influx of sodium depolarizes the sarcolemma, sodium channels close when transmembrane potential reaches +30 mV Step 2: plateau: cell begins to actively pump sodium out, calcium channels open, calcium gain roughly balances sodium loss Step 3: repolarization: Calcium channels begin to close, potassium channels open and rushes out of the cell, and restores the resting potential
58
The normal rate of contraction is established by
Pacemaker cells.
59
Location of pacemaker cells
``` SA node (sinoatrial) AV node (atrioventricular) Purkinje fibers ```
60
Bradycardia vs tachycardia
brady: HR below 60 Tachy: HR above 100
61
P wave
atrial depolarization
62
QRS complex
ventricles depolarization
63
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
64
Stroke volume is..
Amount ejected by 1 ventricle
65
Cardiac output is.. CO= SV x HR
Amount pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
66
Frank-starling principle
More in=more out More cardiac muscle is stretched the stronger contraction and better cardiac output you get

Paramedic (11 decks)

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