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Paramedic > Ch 3 A&P > Flashcards

Ch 3 A&P Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All life forms are made from one or more cells

Cells only arise from pre-existing cells

The cell is the smallest form of life

Each cell maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

What is a cell composed of?

A

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

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3
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and surrounds the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus.

It is also called the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Watery solution of minerals, gases, and organic molecules that is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the control center of the cell because it contains the chromosomes

With the exception of mature red blood cells, all human cells have a nucleus

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6
Q

What are chromosomes and how many of them in the body?

A

46
The 46 chromosomes of a human cell are usually not visible; they are long threads called chromatin.

Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein

DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell

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7
Q

What is phospholipid and what does it do?

A

Phospholipids have a polar phosphorus-containing end, or “head,” and a non-polar “tail” composed of hydrocarbon fatty acid chains.The polar “head” interacts with water and is said to be hydrophilic (water-loving).

The non-polar “tail” interacts only with other non-polar substances, avoiding water and charged particles; this end is hydrophobic (water-fearing).
The heads will always orient towards water (inside and outside of cell) and the tails will move away from water.

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8
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

The presence of cholesterol decreases the fluidity of the membrane, thus making it more stable.

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9
Q

What functions do proteins do?

A

Pores or openings to permit passage of materials

Enzymes that help substances enter the cell

Antigens or markers that identify the cells as “self”

Receptor sites for hormones

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10
Q

What are carbs (oligosaccharides) and what do they do?

A

In general, carbohydrates serve as markers and help in the recognition of certain substances.

Marks and help in the recognition of certain substances

Determine blood groups

Provides binding sites for certain toxins

Allows sperm to recognize the egg

Determines cellular life span

Serves in the immune response

Helps guide embryonic development

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11
Q

What is the nucleus and functions?

A

The nucleus is the control center of the cell because it contains the chromosomes

The Nucleus

The nucleus is within the cytoplasm and is bounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane with many pores.

It contains the nucleolus and the chromosomes of the cell.

A nucleolus is a small sphere made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein.

The nucleoli form a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA, which becomes part of ribosomes (a cell organelle) and is involved in protein synthesis.

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12
Q

what is the functions of DNA?

A

DNA is a double strand of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base) in the form of a double helix, very much like a spiral ladder.

The rungs of the ladder are made of the four nitrogenous bases.

Although DNA contains just these four bases, the bases may be arranged in many different sequences (reading up or down the ladder).

It is the sequence of bases that is the genetic code.

The DNA of our 46 chromosomes is estimated to contain about 6 billion base pairs, which make up as many as 50,000 to 100,000 genes.

Recall that a gene is the genetic code for one protein, and a protein is a specific sequence of amino acids.

Therefore, a gene, or segment of DNA, is the code for the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein.

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13
Q

what are the functions of RNA?

A

The transcription of the genetic code in DNA into proteins requires the other nucleic acid, RNA

DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, but the production of protein takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the intermediary molecule between these two sites.

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14
Q

What is ATP and what does it stand for?

A

adenosine tri-phosphate

ATP transfers the potential energy in food molecules to cell processes.

All cells have enzymes that can breakdown ATP to release its energy.

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15
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum and its function?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous tubules that extend from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.

Rough ER has numerous ribosomes on its surface, while smooth ER has no ribosomes at all.

As a network of interconnected tunnels, the ER serves as a passageway for the transport of the materials necessary for cell function within the cell.

These include proteins created by the ribosomes on the rough ER and lipids created by the smooth ER.

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16
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are very small structures made of protein and ribosomal RNA.

Some are found on the surface of rough ER, while others float freely within the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

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17
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus is a series of flat, membranous sacs, somewhat like a stack of saucers.

Carbohydrates are synthesized within the Golgi apparatus and are packaged, along with other materials, for secretion from the cell.

To secrete a substance, small sacs of the Golgi membrane break off and fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the substance to the exterior of the cell.

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18
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are oval or spherical organelles within the cytoplasm, bounded by a double membrane.

The inner membrane has folds called cristae.

Within the mitochondria, the aerobic (oxygen-requiring) reactions of cell respiration take place.

Therefore, mitochondria are the site of ATP (and hence energy) production.

Cells that require large amounts of ATP, such as muscle cells, have many mitochondria to meet their need for energy.

19
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are single-membrane structures within the cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes.

When certain white blood cells engulf bacteria, the bacteria are digested and destroyed by these lysosomal enzymes.

Worn out cell parts and dead cells are also digested by these enzymes, which is necessary before tissue repair can begin but which contributes to the process of inflammation in damaged tissues.

20
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cell respiration is the name for energy production within cells and involves both respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

There are many steps involved, but in its simplest form, cell respiration may be summarized by the following reaction:

Glucose + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP (usable energy) + heat

This reaction shows us that glucose and oxygen combine to yield carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and heat.

Food, represented here by glucose, in the presence of oxygen is broken down into the simpler molecules, carbon dioxide, and water.

The energy in the glucose molecule is released in two forms: ATP and heat.

21
Q

If o2 is present, how many molecules of ATP will be produced?

A

36-38 molecules of ATP

21
Q

If o2 is present, how many molecules of ATP will be produced?

A

36-38 molecules of ATP

22
Q

If no o2 is present how many molecules will a single cell of glucose produce?

A

2, but lots of lactic acid

23
Q

what has to happen before mitosis can begin?

A

a cell must have two complete sets of chromosomes, since each new cell must have a complete set.

24
Q

What are the stages of mitosis and what happens?

A

The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What is important is an understanding that you begin with one complete cell and end with two identical cells.

25
Q

Where does mitosis happen constantly?

A

epidermis of the skin, the stomach lining, and the red bone marrow.

26
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow? Life span of a red blood cell?

A

Production of RBC

About 120 days

2 million a second

27
Q

Where can mitosis not take place?

A

Nerve cells

Cardiac muscle

28
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a more complex process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes, which are egg and sperm cells

29
Q

What is a diploid?

A

In meiosis, one cell with the diploid number of chromosomes divides twice to form four cells, each with the haploid number (half the usual number) of chromosomes.

In women, meiosis takes place in the ovaries and is called oogenesis.

In men, meiosis takes place in the testes and is called spermatogenesis.

30
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Hap (half)

The egg and sperm cells produced by meiosis have the haploid number of chromosomes, which is 23 for humans.

31
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

The plasma membrane allows some substances to pass while excluding others

Because the cell membrane is a bi-lipid layer, lipid soluble substance pass easily while lipid insoluble substances (like water) cannot easily pass.

32
Q

What are the passive processes?

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Filitration

33
Q

What are the active processes?

A

Phagocytosis- cell eating (WBC engulfing bacteria)
Pinocytosis-Cell drinking
Active transport

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Molecules move away from areas where their concentration is high (lots of collisions) to areas where their concentration is lower (fewer collisions)

35
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis may be simply defined as the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane or barrier.

That is, water will move from an area with more water present to an area with less water.

35
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis may be simply defined as the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane or barrier.

That is, water will move from an area with more water present to an area with less water.

36
Q

When does osmosis occur?

A

when there is a difference in water concentration on the two sides of the membrane.

37
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Active process

The word “facilitate” means to help or assist. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Needs ATP in the cells, which require carrier enzymes to cross the membrane into the cell

38
Q

what is Active transport?

A

Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.

Notice that this is the opposite of diffusion, in which the free energy of molecules causes them to move to where there are fewer of them.

Active transport is therefore said to be movement against a concentration gradient.

Needs a sodium pump to move sodium ions outside of the cell

38
Q

what is Active transport?

A

Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.

Notice that this is the opposite of diffusion, in which the free energy of molecules causes them to move to where there are fewer of them.

Active transport is therefore said to be movement against a concentration gradient.

Needs a sodium pump to move sodium ions outside of the cell

39
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtration means that water and dissolved material are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

EX: blood pressure

40
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is a form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the destruction of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area.

Apoptosis may be described as cellular suicide.

Apoptosis plays an important role in health by eliminating aged cells, unnecessary cells, and unhealthy cells.

Paramedic (11 decks)

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