Test 3 - Regulation And Integration Of Metabolism

Question 1

What controls the body’s organ systems?

Answer 1

CNS

Con of the CNS
-Metabolically demanding
—Huge glucose consumer

Question 2

What are the two pathways fro nervous system control of organ systems function?

Answer 2

ANS

Neuroendocrine

• Hypothalamus
• Pit
• Thyroid
• Parathyroids
• Adipose
• Adrenals
• Pancreas
• Ovaries/Testes

Question 3

What is “in charge of” descending organ system control?

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

The hypothalamus uses two pathways of control. Name and describe them.

Answer 4

Direct - Autonomic - Pre-gang neurons

Indirect - Hormonal - Release of pit and adrenal cortex hormones

Question 5

The ANS has three parts. Name and describe them.

Answer 5

Sympathetic nervous system

• Fight or flight
• Response to stressful or harmful stimuli

Parasympathetic nervous system

• Rest and digest
• Replenishment of the body’s resources

Enteric nervous system

• Digestive system function
• Movement of food thru the gut

*Controls systems that unconsciously coordinate and sustain life

Question 6

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 6

Mesh-like neuronal network surrounding the gut

Oversight from Sym and parasym

*Can function independently of CNS

Question 7

What does the neuroendocrine system respond to and what are the 3 key players of the neuroendocrine system?

Answer 7

Peripheral sensory information and higher brain centers
-Initiated by release of hormones and signals from the hypothalamus

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Adrenal glands

Question 8

The post pit is what?

Answer 8

An extension of the hypothalamus
-It is neural tissue

Uses the tract system to distribute hormones

Question 9

The ant pit is what?

Answer 9

A “true” endocrine organ
-Endocrine tissue

*Uses the portal system to distribute hormones

Question 10

Hormones have a broad number of effects. Name some effects.

Answer 10

Feeding
Kidneys
Repro
Testosterone
Stress response

Question 11

The liver regulates what?

Answer 11

Blood sugar
Glycogen storage
AA content
Lipid formation and mobilization
1st pass metabolism

Question 12

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 12

Insulin (beta) release during high blood sugar

Glucagon (alpha) release during low blood sugar

Large intestine pH buffering

Protease release

Question 13

What does the gallbladder do?

Answer 13

Store bile

Release bile salts to degrade lipids

Question 14

What is the Cori cycle?

Answer 14

Glycogen broken down to lactate during rapid contraction

Lactate into blood

Lactate taken into liver

Glucose released by liver into blood

Muscle takes up glucose to restore glycogen

Question 15

What is the glucose - alanine cycle?

Answer 15

Muscle does glycolysis and produces pyruvate

Pyruvate turned into alanine

Alanine into blood

Alanine in blood taken up by liver

Liver converts alanine to pyruvate
-This allows for alpha-keto to turn into glutamate which is fed into urea cycle and urea is produced

Pyruvate to glucose

Liver releases glucose into blood

Question 16

Free FAs in blood are transported bound to what?

Answer 16

Albumin

Question 17

Where does B-oxidation happen?

Answer 17

In the cytosol (hepatocytes are an example which produce ketone bodies)

Question 18

What hormones regulate blood sugar?

Answer 18

Insulin (beta cells of pancreas)

Glucagon (alpha cells of pancreas)

Question 19

Intracellular concentration of what dictates release of insulin?

Answer 19

ATP

*In general, blood glucose levels directly regulate insulin release

Question 20

Insulin drives what 3 metabolic processes?

Answer 20

Glucose uptake

Glycogen storage

Lipid synthesis

Question 21

Glucagon drives what 3 metabolic processes?

Answer 21

Glucose release

Amino acid breakdown

FA breakdown (Ketone body production)

Question 22

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

Answer 22

B-hydroxybutyrate

Acetone

Acetoacetate

Question 23

In general, what are the fuel sources during starvation?

Answer 23

Glycogen stores

Fat

Protein