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HFF - Exam 3 > Amino Acid Metabolism - German > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism - German Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fates of dietary amino acids?

A

Protein synthesis
Energy production (CAC)
Biosynthesis
Urea excretion

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2
Q

What happens to excess dietary amino acids?

A

No storage occurs - if not used, it is excreted

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3
Q

What are the 3 drivers of protein oxidation?

A

Normal synthesis and degradation

Protein rich diet

Starvation or diabetes mellitus

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4
Q

Pepsinogen is cleaved into what by what?

A

Pepsin - HCl

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5
Q

Strictly ketogenic or both keto/gluco AA’s. Lucy lies (and) Tyrone try’s (to) fence three isolated (guys).

A 
Lucy - Keto 
Lies - Keto
(and)
Tyrone
Try’s
(to)
Fence
Three
Isolated
(guys)
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6
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A protease

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7
Q

What does pepsin hydrolyze?

A

Phe, Trp, Tyr polypeptide bonds

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8
Q

What does secretin stimulate and from where?

A

Release of bicarb from pancreas

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9
Q

What does CCK stimulate and from where?

A

Zymogen release from pancreas

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10
Q

Name 3 pancreatic zymogens and what they are cleaved into.

A

Trypsinogen - Trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen - Chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase A and B - Carboxypeptidase A and B (Breakdown peptides further)

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11
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

Enzyme precursor that requires a biochemical change for activation, typically cleavage

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12
Q

What are three fates of amino acids?

A

Used for protein and biosynthesis w/in cells
Catabolized for energy w/in cells
Transported to the liver and excreted

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13
Q

What are the 4 amine group carriers, precursors and common metabolites, and entry and exit molecules from the CAC?

A

Glutamate
Aspartate
Glutamine
Alanine

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14
Q

Alanine from where is fed into the liver?

A

Muscle

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15
Q

Glutamine from where is fed into the liver?

A

Muscle and other tissues

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16
Q

How are other aa’s introduced into the liver?

A

AA’s from ingested protein enters the liver

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17
Q

Why is ammonia toxic?

A

It can cross the BBB.

It disrupts K+ uptake, and high extracellular K+ prevents GABA inhibition (this shuts down the nervous system)

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18
Q

Humans excrete excess ammonia as what?

A

Urea

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19
Q

What are the essential AA’s?

A 
P - Phe
V - Val
T - Trypto
T - Threo
M - Met
H - His
I - Iso 
L - Leu
L - Lys
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20
Q

What are the nonessential AA’s?

A 
Alan - Alanine
Ate - Asparagine
Asparagus - Aspartate
Gliding - Glutamate
South - Serine
21
Q

What are the conditionally essential AA’s?

A 
Argyle - Arginine
Can - Cysteine
Get - Glycine
Gutta - Glutamine
Percha - Proline
Tomorrow - Tyrosine
22
Q

What are two common amino acid catabolism rxns?

A

Transaminase rxns

One-carbon transfers

23
Q

What is the point of the transaminase rxn?

A

To remove or add NH3 groups from AA’s.

Why add? To synthesize other AA’s

24
Q

What is the common coenzyme in transaminase rxns?

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) [Amino-transferase]

**This is a carrier of amino groups

25
Q

Removal of NH3 group goes from what to what?

A

Amino acid to alpha keto acid

26
Q

How is intracellular ammonia buffered?

A

Converting glutamate to glutamine

27
Q

Most cells have what that takes ammonia and glutamate to make glutamine intracellularly?

A

Glutamine synthetase

28
Q

Tell me 3 things that the glutamine-alanine cycle does.

A

Allows proteins to function as energy sources

Occurs in anaerobic states

Coincides with the cori cycle

29
Q

Tell me what happens to glutamine in the urea cycle.

A

It is converted to glutamate via glutaminase

30
Q

Amino acids and alanine (from muscle) are converted to _____________ via a transaminase rxn with the enzyme ___________. Then, it is turned into ___________ via a one-carbon transfer. Then, via a transaminase rxn, it is turned into _____________.

A

Alpha-keto acid
PLP
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Glutamate

31
Q

Once inside the mito matrix of a hepatocyte, glutamate is turned into what? Hint: 1 of 2 things.

A

Either NH4+ or alpha-ketoglutarate.

32
Q

As the glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate rxn occurs, oxaloacetate is turned into _______________ via _____________.

A

Aspartate

Aspartate aminotransferase

33
Q

What happens to the aspartate?

A

It is transported out and thrown into the urea cycle in the making of argininosuccinate from citrulline.

34
Q

NH4+ is made from glutamate via ____________.

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

36
Q

The NH4+ in the matrix is turned into ___________ via ______________.

A

Carbamoyl phosphate

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I.

37
Q

What are the substrates of the urea cycle in order and which ones share a transporter into and out of the liver cell?

A 
Citrulline (T-porter out of the cell)
Citrullyl-AMP intermediate
Argininosuccinate
Arginine
(Urea is a by-product of this rxn [Arginine to Ornithine])
Ornithine (T-porter into the cell)
38
Q

What part of the urea cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Ornithine to citrulline with carbamoyl phosphate feeding in. From citrulline on, it happens in the cytosol.

39
Q

Of the urea produced in the liver 75% goes where and 25% goes where?

A

Urinary excretion as urea
Into bile which empties into duodenum

*Some of the 25% is pooped out, while some of is recycled back. 85% of the recycled goes thru the portal circulation back to the liver while 15% goes into the systemic circulation to tissues for protein synthesis

40
Q

What are two ways that the urea cycle is regulated?

A

Increased synthesis of urea cycle enzymes

Allosteric carbmoyl phosphate synthetase I

41
Q

What is the linker b/t the urea cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle/CAC?

A

Arginine-succinate which is called the aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt of CAC

42
Q

Those amino acids that feed into acetyl-CoA, Pyruvate, and alpha-ketoglutarate are _____________ in energy producing compared to those that input at other levels in the CAC.

A

HIGHER

43
Q

What does glucogenic mean? What does ketogenic mean?

A

AA’s that can be converted to glucose

AA’s that can be converted to ketone bodies

44
Q

What are the 3 important one carbon transfer rxn cofactors?

A

BIOTIN
Tetrahydrofolate (H4 folate)
S-Adenosylmethionine (adoMet)

45
Q

6 AA’s are degraded to pyruvate. Name them. G3 CASTry

A 
Gly
Threo
Cys
Ala
Ser 
Try

Py - *G3 CASTry

46
Q

7 AA’s are degraded to Acetyl-CoA. Name them. Try 3T PILL

A 
Try
Threo
Tyro
Phe
Iso
Leu
Lys

*Ace - Try 3T PILL

47
Q

5 AA’s are degraded to alpha-ketoglutarate. Name them. Alpha - 2 Glu PAH

A 
Glutamate
Glutamine
Proline
Arginine
Histidine

*Alpha - Glu 2 PAH

48
Q

4 AA’s are degraded to succinylcholine-CoA. Name them. Succ - 3M IV.

A

Met
Iso
Val
Threo

*Succ - 3M IV

49
Q

2 AA’s are degraded to oxaloacetate. Name them. Oxalo loves 2 asparagus.

A

Asparagine
Aspartate

*Oxalo loves 2 asparagus

50
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the urea cycle?

A

The formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonium + the concentration of orthinine

HFF - Exam 3 (19 decks)

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