Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HFF - Exam 3 > Test 3 - Quiz 8 Endocrine (Smith) > Flashcards

Test 3 - Quiz 8 Endocrine (Smith) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger secreted into the blood by specialized cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Alter the rates of various metabolic processes in target cells

Act at very low concentrations

Control long-term homeostatic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones control what?

A

Rates of enzymatic rxns

Movement of ions or molecules across membranes

Gene expression and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are 4 methods of hormonal communication. Name and describe them.

A

Neurocrine - Secretion of hormones into the blood by NEURONS

Endocrine - Secretion of hormones into the blood by endocrine glands

Paracrine - Secretion of hormones into the ECF to affect another cell

Autocrine - Secretion of hormones that affect the secreting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thyroid hormone is produced where and does what?

A

Thyroid

Controls basal metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cortisol is produced where and does what?

A

Adrenal cortex

Energy metabolism, stress responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mineralocorticoids are produced where and what is their action?

A

Adrenal cortex

Regulate plasma volume via effects on serum electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vasopressin is produced where and what is the action?

A

Post pit

Plasma osmolality via effects on water excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parathyroid hormone is produced where and what is their action?

A

Parathyroids

Regs CA2+ and phosphorous levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Insulin is produced where and does what?

A

Pancreas

Regs plasma glucose concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones are active in what form?

A

Free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The bound form of a hormone is ____________.

A

Inactive

*This allows us to have a reservoir of hormones in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three chemical types of hormones?

A

Amine

Peptide

Steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormones can also be classified via solubility/polarity. What are the two types?

A

Lipophilic - BINDS INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS**

Hydrophilic - BINDS EXTRACELLULAR CELL MEMBRANE RECEPTORS**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The second messenger used by most water soluble hormones is what?

A

cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The hormone itself is called a _________ messenger.

A

First

It initiates a 2nd messenger response cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Amine hormones are derived from what AA?

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two types of amine hormones?

A

Thyroid - Lipophilic - Nuclear receptors - T3, T4 - long 1/2 lives

Catecholamines - Hydrophilic - binds cell membrane receptors - Epi/Norepi - short 1/2 lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peptide hormones are what?

A

Water soluble - produced as preprohormones and then cleaved - bound to carrier proteins - only the free (unbound) part binds

*These need 2nd messenger systems to exert physiological actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

So to have a hormone what is the process for a large majority of them?

A

Preprohormone -> prohormone -> hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mRNA to preprohormone is formed where?

A

ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Preprohormone to prohormone occurs where?

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Steroid hormones are all derived from what?

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

All steroid hormones are _______ soluble?

A

Lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Steroid hormones are ___________ permeable on cell membranes.

A

Freely permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Steroid hormones are carried in the plasma by what?

A

Hormone-specific plasma binding globulins

*Like, albumin

**Bound hormones act as a reservoir for rapid release as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When intracellular horomone bind, what complex is formed?

A

Hormone-receptor complex that moves toward nuclear chromatin and binds a certain segment of the DNA.

*The complex acts as a transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When androgens go to estrogens, what does that conversion?

A

Aromatase enzymes

*This happens in trophoblastic tumors and normal adipose in fat, liver, and brain.

29
Q

In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue is the _______ source of estrogens.

A

PRIMARY

30
Q

There are two types of feedback loops. Name and describe them.

A

Negative - hormone shuts down the stimulating or releasing factors which terminates the hormone action

Positive (uncommon) - hormone enhance releasing and stimulating factors thus perpetuating add’l hormone action. EX: childbirth and lactation.

31
Q

There are two types of negative feedback. Name and describe them.

A

Long-loop - Inhibits the pit and the hypothalamus (The organ above the one above the effected organ)

Short-loop - Inhibits the hypothalamus (The organ above the effected organ)

32
Q

Peptide hormones?

Philic or phobic

Synthesis and storage

Release from parent cell

Half-life

Location of receptor

A

Philic

Made in advance - stored in secretory vesicles

Exocytosis

Short

Cell membrane

33
Q

Steroid hormones

Philic or phobic

Synthesis and storage

Release of parent cell

Half life

Location of receptor

A

Phobic

Synthesized on demand from precursors

Simple diffusion

Long

Cytoplasm or nucleus (Some have membrane receptors, too)

34
Q

Catecholamines

Philic or phobic

Synthesis and storage

Release from parent cell

Half life

Location of receptor

A

Philic

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles

Exocytosis

Short

Cell membrane

35
Q

Thyroid hormones

Philic or phobic

Synthesis and storage

Release from parent cell

Half-life

Location of receptor

A

Phobic

Made in advance - precursor stored in secretory vesicles

Simple diffusion

Long

Nucleus

36
Q

Catecholamines and thyroid hormones are considered what type of hormones?

A

Amine

37
Q

The ant pit is called what?

A

Adenohypophysis

38
Q

What connects the ant pit to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum/infundibular stalk

39
Q

The post pit is called?

A

Neurohypophysis

40
Q

The post pit is considered a __________ of the hypothalamus.

A

Extension

41
Q

Ant pit utilizes what system?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

*RAPID HORMONAL RESPONSES WITH LOW CONCENTRATIONS

42
Q

The post pit uses what system?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

*Oxytocin and ADH into blood

43
Q

ACTH is released by what to where to do what?

A

Ant pit

Adrenal cortex

Regs fluid balance, helps body cope with stress

44
Q

Hypothalamic-Pit-Adrenal Axis is responsible for what?

A

Body’s adaptive stress response

Stress->Hypothalamus->Pit->Release of ACTH->Adrenal cortex->cortisol

45
Q

What is serum osmolality?

A

How much dissolved blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and sodium in the serum

*275-299 mOsm for healthy serum osmolality

46
Q

Vasopressin is aka what?

Produced where?

Released where?

Does what?

A

ADH

Hypothalamus

Secreted at post pit

Increases aquaporins in the renal collecting duct and distal tubules to increase H2O reabsorption from urine into blood

47
Q

All adrenocortical hormones are _________ compounds.

A

STEROID

48
Q

What are the three types of adrenocortical hormones, examples, and secreted by what in the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone - Zona glomerulosa

Glucocorticoids - cortisol - Zona fasciculata

Adrenal androgens - DHEA - Zona reticularis

49
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the renal tubular epithelial cells.

**H2O follows, so aldosterone increases ECF volume with little change in the plasma concentration

50
Q

When aldosterone escapes, what is the result and what happens to the kidney?

A

ECF fluid elevated

Severe dehydration b/c kidney loses excessive amts of sodium and water

51
Q

Potassium is ________ whenever ________ is reabsorbed.

A

Excreted

Sodium

52
Q

Hypokalemia and muscle weakness occurs when?

A

Aldosterone levels are increased

53
Q

Hyperkalemia happens when?

A

Aldosterone levels are decreased.

54
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes ________ 80% and ___________ 20%.

A

Epi

Norepi

55
Q

What hormones are responsible for the short term stress response?

A

Epi/Norepi

*These increase cardiac output

56
Q

For acute stress (fight/flight) what is released?

A

Epi/norepi

57
Q

For long term stress (metabolic changes/immune suppression) what hormones are responsible?

A

Steroid hormones

58
Q

Most endocrine disorders are in 3 groups. Name and describe them.

A

Hyposecretion - Type I diabetes - beta cells destroyed

Hormone resistance - Type II diabetes - cells insulin resist

Hormone excess - Graves’ disease - excess thyroid hormone

59
Q

Hypothyroidism is from what and what is the common disease associated?

A

Insufficient thyroid stimulating hormone

Hashimoto’s disease

60
Q

Hyperthyroidism is due to what and what is the common disease?

A

Too much thyroid stimulating hormone

Grave’s disease (bulging eyes)

61
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is caused from what?

A

Elevated endogenous/exogenous glucocorticoids and excess ACTH which leads to overproduction of cortisol

62
Q

Addison’s disease is caused by what?

A

Too little cortisol

63
Q

Gigantism (acromegaly) is caused from what?

A

Too much growth hormone

64
Q

What releases corticotropin releasing hormone?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

65
Q

Ant pit increases release of what to increase what synthesis from what gland?

A

ACTH

Cortisol

Adrenal gland

66
Q

The adrenal cortex continually secretes several male sex hormones. Name the one important one.

A

DHEA

67
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Increases serum glucose and glycogen stores in the liver

  • Anti-inflammatory effects
  • Immune system is suppressed and lymphoid tissue may atrophy
  • Eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in the blood decrease with atrophy of lymphoid tissue
68
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes what type of hormones?

A

Catecholamines

I.e., Epi/Norepi

HFF - Exam 3 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions