Test 3 - Quiz 8 - Vitamins Flashcards
What are vitamins?
Orgo molecules essential to human metabolic and cellular function that cannot be produced w/in the body and must be obtained thru external sources, like the diet
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
D
E
K
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7 B9 B12 C
What are the vitamins with a toxicity reported?
A B3 B6 C D
What are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins?
Fatty acyl chains
Ingested as esters
Require cholesterol esterase for uptake
Integrated into micelles and chylomicrons
What are characteristics of water-soluble vitamins?
Acute use
Urinary excretion
Little toxicity
B1’s vitamer is?
Thiamine
B2’s vitamer is?
Riboflavin
B3’s vitamer is?
Niacin
B7’s vitamer is?
Biotin
B9’s vitamer is?
Folic acid
E’s vitamer is?
Tocopherol (alpha, beta, delta, gamma)
What is the general function of vitamin A?
Required for normal vision
Vitamin A is taken in high dosage to treat ____________ . (Accutane)
Acne
T/F - Vitamin A is a teratogen.
TRUE. Do not take large doses while pregnant
A chronic deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine) causes what diseases?
Beriberi -
Peripheral neuropathy and neuronal wasting. This leads to impaired sensory, motor, and reflex functions.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome-
Acute encephalopathy leading to psychosis, short term memory loss, and disorientation
What two things are associated with poor thiamine status?
Chronic alcoholism
Diabetes
Thiamine is an essential coenzyme in what complex necessary to change pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
In the U.S., a deficiency of ____________ is extremely rare.
Riboflavin
What two types of people are at risk for a riboflavin (B2) deficiency?
Pregnant women that rarely consume meat
Vegetarians
Riboflavin is essential for what two types of metabolism?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
A niacin (B3) deficiency causes what disease?
Pellagra -
Dermatitis, diarrhea, inflamed mucus membranes, and delusions
Niacin is necessary for what molecule used in glycolysis, CAC, and OP?
NAD+
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a major component in what synthesis?
Coenzyme A
A deficiency of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) can lead to what?
Microcytic anemia
T/F - Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) improves cognitive performance.
FALSE.
*However, limited evidence shows when it is taken with an antihistamine during pregnancy, morning sickness symptoms are reduced.
B7 is what?
Biotin
B7 is essential for what synthetic pathway?
Fatty acid synthesis
B9 deficiency leads to what disease?
Megaloblastic anemia -
Abnormally nucleated erythrocytes
Deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects at birth
**Deficiency is associated with poor diet, alcoholism, and malabsorptive disorders
What pathway is B9 essential for?
Amino acid metabolism
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) are essential for what?
AA metabolism
A deficiency of B12 leads to what?
Pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic/pernicious anemia associated with B12/B9 deficiency can be masked by what?
*This results in not treating the neurologic deficits, leading to nerve damage.
Folic acid
A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?
Scurvy -
Fatigue, malaise, inflammation, joint pain, etc.
Vitamin C is often taken to treat the common cold. It has been shown to not decrease the risk of getting the cold, but it may reduce the sickness duration by what percent?
8%
A deficiency of vitamin D leads to what?
Rickets -
Bone softness and deformation due to improper mineralization
What vitamin, when taken in toxic doses, causes hemorrhagic effects?
Vitamin E
Vitamin K’s general function is what?
Production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
A mixture of vitamin K and what causes a dangerous interaction that deplete vitamin K-dependent clotting factors?
Anticoagulants
