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HFF - Exam 3 > Test 3 - Quiz 8 - Thyroid & GI Endocrinology > Flashcards

Test 3 - Quiz 8 - Thyroid & GI Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Thyroid

  • Larger in men than women
  • Increases with age and body weight
  • decreases as dietary iodine intake decreases

**EXTREMELY WELL VASCULARIZED

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2
Q

Increasing or decreasing thyroid hormone does what?

A

Changes basal metabolic rate

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3
Q

If its cold outside, hypothalamus stimulates thyroxin (T3, T4) from what?

A

Thyroid

*This increases metabolic rate and generates heat to raise body temp

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4
Q

If it is warm outside, hypothalamus inhibit’s thyroxin (T3, T4) release from what?

A

Thyroid

*This decreases metabolic rate, reducing heat production

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5
Q

When you hear thyroid hormone, what is being referred to?

A

T3 AND T4

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6
Q

T3 can work independently from the what?

A

Thyroid

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7
Q

T4 is dependent upon what?

A

Thyroid

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8
Q

Know the negative feedback loop on slide 5 of her lecture.

A

In your photos..

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9
Q

T4 is turned into what two things?

A

rT3, and T3

*rT3 is inactive, while T3 is very active

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10
Q

Thyroglobulin is what and found where and what is in it?

A

Colloid proteins

Found in thyroid

T3 and T4

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11
Q

The size of the follicle determines what in regards to the gland?

A

Inactive - Large follicles

Active - Small follicles

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12
Q

What are the two main endocrine functions of the thyroid gland?

A

Secretion of T4 and T3

Secretion of calcitonin

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13
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by what cells?

A

Parafollicular cells (aka C cells)

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14
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lowers Ca2+ in serum

-Decreases osteoclast activity

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15
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts

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16
Q

What secretes PTH?

A

Chief cells in parathyroid glands (in response to low blood calcium)

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17
Q

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol is formed from what?

A

Vitamin D in skin via sun and hydroxylation in liver and kidneys

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18
Q

What does 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol do?

A

Increases Ca2+ absorption in intestines

Increases Ca2+ stored in bones

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19
Q

T3 and T4 are _______ - philic.

A

LIPO

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20
Q

What can synthesize T3 and T4?

A

Iodine

And tyrosine portions of thyroglobulin

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21
Q

T4 is produced exclusively where?

A

Thyroid only

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22
Q

T3 is primarily produced from what?

A

Extrathyroidally from T4

  • Liver
  • Intestines
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23
Q

Almost all T4 produced is quickly converted to what once released from thyroglobulin stores?

A

T3

24
Q

T3 is ____ times more potent than T4.

A

4

25
Q

rT3 is inactive and made mostly where?

A

Liver

26
Q

What enzyme converts T4 to T3?

A

5’ deiodinase enzyme

27
Q

If the enzyme catalyzes another rxn, after T3 is formed, what is formed?

A

rT3

28
Q

T3 and T4 are considered what? (______genic)

A

Calorigenic

29
Q

T3 can act independently of what?

A

HPT axis regulation

30
Q

Many chronic stress-like conditions lead to what?

A

Hypothyroidism

31
Q

Stress, dietary iodine, illness, fasting, and cortisol (steroids) are all able to alter the activity of what enzyme?

A

Deiodinase

32
Q

W/o sufficient iodine, one may develop what?

A

Goiter

*W/o iodine, thyroid hormones are not released from thyroglobulin and TSH builds up

33
Q

Look at practice question on slide 14 of her lecture.

A

In your photos

34
Q

Look at practice question on slide 15 of her lecture.

A

In your photos

35
Q

Thyroid hormones:

Synthesis and storage

Release from parent cell

T-port in blood

1/2 half

Location of receptor

Example

A

Made in advance

Simple diffusion

Bound to carrier proteins

Long

Nucleus (Lipophilic)

Thyroxine

36
Q

What are the only cells in the body that can absorb iodine?

A

Thyroid cells

*Good outlook for thyroid cancer patients

37
Q

Urine iodine excretions of >70% of dietary iodine intake is what?

A

Iron deficiency

*For adults, that is urine excretion of >/= 105 mcg/day

38
Q

Goiter is the result of too much what? (2 things)

A

TSH

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

39
Q

Goiters are found in what autoimmune disease and what type of cancer?

A

Hashimoto’s

Thyroid cancer

40
Q

What are two disorders with iodine deficiency?

A

Iodine deficiency disorder (goiter)

Cretinism
-Growth retardation

41
Q

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can both give the patient goiter. Tell me why each one can.

A

Hypo (Hashimoto’s) - Reduced T3 and T4 causes ant pit to overproduce TSH, causing thyroid to enlarge - goiter

Hyper (Graves) - TSH levels decrease, auto-antibodies attack thyroid, and thyroid hypertrophies. Thyroid overproduced T3 and T4 leading to goiter.

42
Q

4 GI functions.

A

Secretion

Digestion

Absorption

Gut motility

43
Q

What types of hormonal communication involves the GI?

A

Endocrine, paracrine, neurocrine

44
Q

What hormone acts in all three hormonal communication fashions?

A

CCK

45
Q

The are two types of events that maintain homeostasis. Name and describe them.

A

Stimulatory - Smelling food, food hitting stomach

Inhibitory - bowel dissension

**Constant balance for homeostasis

46
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The GI’s own localized nervous system, INDEPENDENT of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations.

47
Q

GASTRIN

Type

Source

Stimuli for release

Action

A

GI hormone

G cells

Stomach distention, peptides

Stim gastric acid secretion and proliferation of gastric mucosa

48
Q

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

Type

Source

Stimuli for release

Action

A

GI hormone

I cells

Digestive products from fats, fatty acids, monoglycerides

Contracts gall bladder - expelling bile into duodenum

49
Q

SECRETIN

Type

Source

Stimuli for release

Action

A

GI hormone

S cells

Acidic pH in small intestine

Stims pancreas to release bicarb (neutralize acids)

50
Q

GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE (GIP)

Type

Source

Stimuli for release

Action

A

GI hormone

Mucosa of upper small intestine

FA, AA, carbs

Inhibits gastric secretions and motility, increases insulin release when food in duodenum and blood glucose is high

51
Q

GLUCAGON

Type

Purpose

Action

Release due to:

Inhibition due to:

Deficiency due to:

Excess

A

Pancreatic hormone

Counter-regulatory assistance for insulin

Release of glucose from cells

Low blood sugar

High blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia

52
Q

INSULIN

Type

Purpose

Action

Release due to:

Inhibited by:

Deficiency

Excess

A

Pancreatic hormone

Regulate blood glucose

Absorption of glucose from cells

High blood sugar

Low blood sugar

Diabetes

Hypoglycemia

53
Q

SOMATOSTATIN

Type

Purpose

Action

Release due to:

Inhibited by:

Deficiency

Excess

A

Pancreatic hormone

Regulates GI hormones in pancreas and GI tract

Slows production of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and other hormones

High hormone levels

Low hormone levels

No deficiency

Diabetes

54
Q

What is the continuous process by which thyroid hormones are produced and stored w/in thyroid follicles?

A

Iodine ions absorbed

Diffusion and attaches 1 or 2 activated iodide ions to the tyrosine portions of a thyroglobulin resulting in 4 to 8 molecules of T3, T4, or both

Thyroglobulin from follicle by endocytosis

Lysosomal enzymes break down thyroglobulin, AA are then recycled and used to synthesize more thyroglobulin

T3 and T4 diffuse across bsmt membrane into blood. Attached to blood transport proteins called thyroid-binding globulins.

55
Q

T/F - T3 and T4 release into blood and into follicles is a continuous process.

A

TRUE

HFF - Exam 3 (19 decks)

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