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HFF - Exam 3 > Test 3 - Intro To Immune System > Flashcards

Test 3 - Intro To Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organism that has the potential to cause disease.

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2
Q

What are the 4 classes of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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3
Q

What are the 5 roles of the immune system?

A

Kill or control pathogens

Control disease

Repair tissue damage

Organ development

Maintain organ integrity and function

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4
Q

What is variolation vs vaccination?

A

Powdered disease (smallpox) put subcutaneously on skin. Early times.

Vaccination is the most successful development in public health to date

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5
Q

What are 3 endogenous antimicrobial properties?

A

Sebum

Low pH

Commensalism organisms

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6
Q

Immune response when barriers are compromised. 5 steps.

A

Wound introduces bacteria

Resident effector cells activated and secrete cytokines

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

Fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue

Inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain

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7
Q

What is the complement system for how the immune system destroys pathogens? (4 steps)

A

Bacteria surface induces cleavage and activation of complement (proteins made in the liver)

Complement fragment covalently bonds to the bacteria and attracts other effector cells

The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to complement fragment bonded to bacterium

Effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills, and breaks it down

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8
Q

Along with complement, there are other effector mechanisms. Name 3 of them.

A

Phagocytosis

Granule release
-This destroys local healthy tissue, too.

Targeted cell death
-CD8 T-Cells

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9
Q

The immune system has two branches. Name and describe each of them with 4 things about each.

A

Innate

  • Rapid response (Hours)
  • Fixed response
  • Limited pathogen specificity
  • Consistent response

Adaptive

  • Slow response (Days to weeks)
  • Flexible response
  • Very selective pathogen specificity (Due to memory cells)
  • Response improves with exposure
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10
Q

The innate and adaptive immune systems work in concert. T/F - Adaptive system REQUIRES an innate response.

A

TRUE! Without it, the adaptive system cannot handle the pathogen.

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11
Q

What are some principal components of the innate immune system? (5)

A 
Epithelial barriers
Phagocytes
Dendritic cells (antigen presenting)
Complement
NK cells
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12
Q

What are some principal components of the adaptive immune system? (5)

A 
B lymphocytes
Antibodies
T lymphocytes
Effector T cells
Helper cells
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13
Q

Immune cells function thru direct and indirect interactions. What are the 2 direct interactions and what are the 3 indirect interactions?

A

Direct

  • Phagocytosis
  • Immune synapse: T cell-mediated killing

Indirect

  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
  • Cytotoxins
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14
Q

WBC distribution in the blood mnemonic.

A 
Never - Neutrophil: 40-75%
Let - Lymphocytes: 20-50%
Monkeys - Monocytes: 2-10%
Eat - Eosinophils: 1-6%
Bananas - Basophils: <1%
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15
Q

Both the adaptive and innate system cells come from what singular progenitor?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

In the adaptive system, what is the beginning cell?

A

Common lymphoid precursor

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17
Q

The common lymphoid precursor goes to 2 cells. What are they?

A

NK/T cell precursor

B cell

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18
Q

The B cell turns into what?

A

Plasma cell

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19
Q

The NK/T cell precursor turns into what two cells?

A

T cell

NK cell

20
Q

The T cells turns into what?

A

Effector T cell

21
Q

What is the beginning cell of the innate system?

A

Common myeloid precursor

22
Q

The common myeloid precursor turns into what two cells?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor

Megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor

23
Q

The megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor turns into what two cells?

A

Megakaryocyte

Erythroblast

24
Q

Megakaryocytes produce what?

A

Platelets

25
Q

Erythroblasts turn into what?

A

Erythrocytes

26
Q

The granulocyte-macrophage progenitor turns into what 5 cells?

A

Macrophage and dendritic cell precursor

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Unknown precursor

27
Q

The unknown precursor turns into what?

A

Mast cell

28
Q

The macrophage and dendritic cell precursor turns into what two cells?

A

Monocyte

Dendritic cell

29
Q

The monocyte turns into what?

A

Macrophage

*Also can be turned into a dendritic cell, although pathway is unknown

30
Q

Look in photos for the chart of the cells.

A

Do it. Be able to draw it.

31
Q

Neutrophils are part of what system and what do they do?

A

Innate

Engulf and kill microorganisms

**The neutrophil then dies after completing its function. ITS KAMAKAZI

32
Q

Monocytes are part of what system, what do they turn into, and what do they do?

A

Innate

Dendritic cells
Macrophages

Basically a neutrophil, but with more specialized functions.
-Express degraded antigen to the adaptive system
—Dendrites vacuum up antigens, travel to lymph, and are main drivers of immunity
—Macrophages also clear the damaged tissue after their function

**These cells do NOT die after their functions

33
Q

Macrophages kill by what and promote what?

A

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

34
Q

What cells are in the adaptive system?

A

T cells

  • Mature in thymus
  • Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

B cells

  • Mature in bone marrow
  • Memory cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells

35
Q

What provides specificity in the adaptive immune system?

A

Clonal expansion

*When an antigen binds a lymphoid cell, then that cell rapidly replicates and eradicates the antigens

36
Q

Adaptive immunity responses are humoral and cellular. What are the differences?

A

Humoral - Antibody mediated (blood)(B-cells)

Cellular - Cell-cell interaction mediated (T-cells)

37
Q

What are the 5 types of antibodies that mediate humoral responses and something about them?

A

*MADGE

IgM - First antibody produced and released
IgA - Secreted from mucosal glands
IgD - B cell surface antibody
IgG - Most abundant antibody
IgE - Basophil and mast cell surface antibody

38
Q

T cells resolve pathogens thru what two things?

A

Direct killing

Immune support

39
Q

What are the two classes of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic (CD8) T Cells

Helper (CD4) T Cells

40
Q

What do CD8 (cytotoxic) T Cells do?

A

Kill altered self cells

-Cancer, virus, bacteria

41
Q

What do CD4 (helper) T cells do?

A

Support other immune functions

  • Many subtypes
  • Regulatory function
  • Communicate with, improve, and activate B cells
42
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Where immune cells develop

  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
43
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Where adaptive responses initiate

  • Lymphoid system
  • Spleen
  • Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
44
Q

What is the response to infection in the immediate innate response?

A

0-4 hrs

Pathogen invades
Pathogen recognized by effector molecules
Pathogen eliminated and very minor tissue damage is repaired
-If not, the induced innate immune response occurs

45
Q

What happens in the induced innate immune response?

A

4 hrs to 4 days

Activation of resident cells in the tissue and recruitment of effector cells to the tissue. INFLAMMATION, FEVER, ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE

Effector cells recognize and attack the pathogen

Pathogen eliminated and minor tissue damage is soon repaired
-If not eliminated, adaptive immune response activated

46
Q

What happens in the adaptive immune response?

A

4 days until defeat of pathogen, defeat of host, or truce of chronic disease.

Secondary lymphoid tissue close to infected tissue is alerted

B and T cells proliferate and become effectors and travel to site

Pathogen eliminated and major tissue damage is gradually repaired
-If not, host dies, or suffers disease from chronic infection

47
Q

What is the basic 9 step process of pathogen resolution?

A 
1-Injury/pathogen infiltration
2-Resident immune cells respond
3-Inflammatory response
4-Innate pathogen targeting
5-Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes
6-Adaptive immunity initiated
7-Ongoing immune response
8-Pathogen destroyed or sequestered
9-Memory cells formed

HFF - Exam 3 (19 decks)

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