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Bio 547 Fall > test 3 prep > Flashcards

test 3 prep Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what contributes to the high fidelity of DNA

A

DNA repair enzymes, base pairing rules, and proofreading capabilities of DNA polymerase III

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2
Q

what does DNA polymerase require to start synthesizing a new strand?

A

free 3’ end. free template strand. dNTP. Mg++

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3
Q

how can you tell if a baby belongs to a parent by using VNTR?

A

each VNTR fragment of the child must match one from the parents

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4
Q

what is the relationship between the base sequence of coding strand and base sequence of mRNA?

A

they are the same, except the thymines are replaced with U’s in RNA

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5
Q

determine size of mRNA- use what technique?

A

northern blotting

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6
Q

identify a colony from a cDNA library using an antibody?

A

gene expression screening

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7
Q

identify bacterial colonies who have taken up plasmids via transformation

A

antibiotic resistance analysis

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8
Q

expression screening

A

detect protein of interest using antibodies. sticks to tubulin.

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9
Q

Screening via hybridization:

A

use radioactive probe to identify specific sequences

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10
Q

DNA moves towards (+/-) end

A

+ end. it’s negatively charged

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11
Q

Southern Blotting

A

use hybridization to see which fragment in electrophoresis was of interest; identify DNA fragments complimentary to the probe

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12
Q

what do you do if you want to find the size of RNA

A

northern blotting

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13
Q

antibiotic resistance analysis is used for what process

A

identifying bacteria colonies that have taken up plasmids via transformation.

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14
Q

in PCR, which end do primers face

A

3’

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15
Q

steps of PCR

A

denature, anneal, repeat/extend

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16
Q

Chain termination technique for DNA sequencing

A

a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during DNA replication. stops chain, and then you can see where it stopped. how they mapped human genome

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17
Q

what is the blue white test and what is it used for?

A

screens for plasmids with inserts (inserted DNA sequences)

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18
Q

how would you produce DNA versions of mRNA sequences

A

cDNA synthesis

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19
Q

discriminate between different allelic forms of B-globin?

A

RFLP

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20
Q

in blue/white test- what exactly is turning blue? what gene is on/off?

A

lac Z gene . active lac z=blue, inactive (has plasmid) turns white

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21
Q

relationship cAMP to CAP and what does it do

A

cAMP binds to CAP in absence of glucose, changing its conformation, so that CAP can bind to activator site

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22
Q

which enzyme turns indicator dye blue?

A

B-galactoside

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23
Q

how do you turn a tryptophan operon off?

A

Repressor protein floating around Inactive. When its inactive not bound to operator sequence- RNA polymerase can jump onto promter, transcribe, make mRNA. when tryptophan is present, it plugs into repressor, alters it shape so it can sit down. once its in, RNA can no longer sit there.

24
Q

tryp operon controlled by ___ protein

A

repressor

25
Q

tryp operon is (positive/negative) regulation

A

negative

26
Q

given template strand G A T C T G G T, what would be the positions of DNA products using dideoxy ‘A’ DNA?

A

cuts at : every T, as it forms a complementary A. fragment sizes: 3, 5, 8. 3 fragments.

27
Q

ascomycete

A

cup shaped indentations morel

28
Q

bread mold- type of fungus?

A

zygomycete

29
Q

spore print- type of fungus?

A

basidiomycte

30
Q

animal-like protists are organized how?

A

by mode of locomotion

31
Q

linear fungal growths

A

hyphae

32
Q

why is kelp a plant like protists

A

photosynthetic but no plant-like embryo

33
Q

leishmaniasis

A

flagellate pathogen

34
Q

silent mutation

A

base change that lets you stay with the same amino acid

35
Q

how could you produce 5’ sticky ends? give a sequence and what it would turn into

A

GGATCC

CCTAGG

cut at first G (5’) and last G:

5’ G

3’ CCTAG

36
Q

mendelson-stahl: F1, F2, and F2 if it had been conservative

A

F1: middle. a complete mix of parent strands both heavy and light leaves you in the middle

F2: middle, light (semi conservative). half of parental strands are light, half are mixed

F2 if conservative: light, heavy (middle makes one heavy one light)

37
Q

does every prokaryotic gene have to have an operator sequence? why or why not? give an example of one that doesnt

A

no. it only needs to have an operator if it has a repressor that needs to be turned on or off.

an example of one that doesnt have an operator is one that’s always on or always off! aka lac repressor structural gene

38
Q

when would you get a transversion as opposed to a missense, nonsense, etc?

A

when its an untranslated region

recall that transverion is just a 1 letter switch; aka A to G

39
Q

is the genetic code universal? why or why not? explain

A

it’s nearly unviersal- same 4 bases, 3 codon rule for living organisms, 64 options. however , human mitochondrial genes are an exception. also, bacteria use f-met instead of met as a starting codon.

40
Q

give a sequence for a restriction enzyme recognition site and then cut it to give it blunt ends

A

5’ TTTAAA

3’ AAATTT

cut down the middle: blunt ends

41
Q

what do people with zeroderma pigmentosa form?

A

thymadine dimers

42
Q

in a bacteriophage- what requirements are needed for properly infecting e-coli?

A

phage arms + proper central segment

43
Q

size of genes of interest- hundreds or thousands of nucleotides?

A

hundreds

44
Q

how can viruses lead to cancer?

A

extra copies of oncogenes brought in by a virus

virus could inserts itself into genome, disrupts normal reuglation

screw up signlaing pathway that leads to division- cause abnormal division

45
Q

how can cell signaling pathways lead to cancer

A

disrupted pathway can lead to more divison- Many signaling pathways. Many multistep pathways. A mutation in any of these genes would screw up this process.

46
Q

what does p53 do?

A

calls in repair enzymes and signals apoptosis. if not fixed, damaged DNA is transcribed and replicated

47
Q

sequencing your DNA vs a regular cDNA library

A

1) The cDNA clone will only contain the sequences found in the mRNA, aka NO INTRONS

DNA library = sequence of ENTIRE GENOME

size: cDNA is only a few hundred nucleotides long. DNA library will be 10^5 nucleotides long

48
Q

what kind of disease is plague

A

bacterial. usually transmitted by insects or rats

49
Q

other exampls of bacterial illlnesses

A

STD’s, legionnaires, tetanus, cholera, lyme

50
Q

transformed phenotype of cancer cells

A

de-differentiation

alterd morphology

angiogenesis

chromosomal abnormalities

metasteses

51
Q

draw a replication bubble with leading and lagging strands

A

3’ on bottom, 5’ on top. lag bottom left- points in to ORI. then lead bottom right, points out to fork. THEY PINT IN THE SAME WAY. top right: lag, point to ORI. top left: lead, point to fork.

52
Q

give some examples of transformed phenotype of cancer cells

A

increased angiogenesis

altered morphology

chromosomal abnormalities (anueploidy)

immortality

de-differentiation

53
Q

antibiotic resistance analysis

A

resistance genes are found on plasmids. if bacteria has a plasmid, resists ampicillin. if no plasmid, dies

54
Q

what do restriction enzymes do that is useful to us

A

produce genmoic DNA fragments for cloning or screening in a library

55
Q

what is expression screening

A

use antibodies to screen gene library

56
Q

determining size of mRNA

A

northern blotting

Bio 547 Fall (27 decks)

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