Fungi & Protists kingdom

Question 1

Fungal cell grow as ____—linear strings of cells with chitinous cell walls

Answer 1

hyphae

Question 2

four types of fungi

Answer 2

1. Basidiomycete (club fungus)
2. Zygomycete (produce bread mold)
3. Ascomycete (cap fungi)
4. Deuteromycete (“imperfect” fungi—sexual type unknown)

Question 3

1. Basidiomycete (club fungus)

Answer 3

1. Grow from haploid spores (cells that will grow into haploid structures)
   
   1. Come in two types (+ & - mating types)
   2. Spores land on ground and grow and eventually they encounter each other. They can fuse their cells but their nuclei don’t fuse. They become DIKARYOTIC! These dikaryotic mycelium grow into a mushroom when there is plenty of water
2. In the gills of mushroom there are the dikaryotic cells
3. The mushroom dries/opens up and then the dikaryotic cells fuse to become diploid cells and do meiosis. The four cells made from meiosis turn into a spore with four separate haploid cells (looks like a “club”)

Question 4

1. Zygomycete (produce bread mold)

Answer 4

Produce spores, and +/- type haploid spores fuse into a little channel. Inside the channel, meiosis occurs inside this diploid zygospore and produce new spores.

Question 5

1. Ascomycete (cap fungi)

Answer 5

1. Form a cup like fungus and the +/- spores fuse to form a spore sac (ascus)
   
   1. From diploid zygote formed by keeping the daughter cells all in a line during meiosis
   2. Make 8 spores (meiosis and then round of mitosis)

Ex: morels and truffles

Question 6

deuteromycete

Answer 6

1. They do not do sexual reproduction—instead it is asexual
2. EX: fungi that can form a noose and trap worms and kill them

ex: penicillin

Question 7

in club fungi, which part is haploid and which part is diploid?

Answer 7

spores are haploid, single cell is diploid

Question 8

fairy ring arises from which kind of mushroom

Answer 8

club fungus/basidiomycete

Question 9

which type of mushroom has a sporangium

Answer 9

zygomycete

Question 10

in a zygomycete, who is hpaloid and who is diploid

Answer 10

spores (n)

sporangium (2n)

Question 11

give example of zygomycete

Answer 11

bread mold

Question 12

Ascomycete (cap fungi) example

Answer 12

truffles

Question 13

___ forms a cup like fungus and the +/- spores fuse to form a spore sac (ascus)

Answer 13

ascomycete

Question 14

describe some features of the ascomycete

Answer 14

ascus (spore sac) , budding yeast cells, or weird ascocarp ‘cups’

Question 15

Mycorrhizae

Answer 15

Fungal associations between fungus and roots of plants

Question 16

what’s symbiotic about mycorrhizae

Answer 16

1. Plant shares nutrients from photosynthesis with fungus and then the fungus shares nutrients from the soil
2. Fungus and plants that grow together are then stronger! This is the normal

Question 17

Formation of lichens

Answer 17

1. Combo of fungus and photosynthetic partner of some kind (cyanobacterium or a protest—algea)
2. “leafy” area called thallus of the lichen
3. these are important food sources and they can’t live without each other

Question 18

types of protists

Answer 18

animal-like protists and fungi-like protists

Question 19

slime mold

Answer 19

1. fungus like protist that do this weird thing by living like single cells (like ameobas) but in extreme conditions they will aggregate and make a multi-nucleated thing that is spore producing and then go through the spore lifecycle

Question 20

ciliates

Answer 20

animal like protists. covered by cilia that help them move

Question 21

Sarcodina:

Answer 21

animal-like protists: amoebas

1. Most free-living doing their thang, some are parasitic
   
   1. Pathogens can cause dysentery
2. Have pseudopod’s that get poked out and extended in direction they want to move and contracted on the back side
   
   1. Actin fibers help control the movement
3. EX: radiolarians and foraminiferans—silica based skeletons that have a sort of “cage” with arms sticking out

Question 22

Flagellates:

Answer 22

animal like protists.

1. one or more flagella for movement
   
   1. Trypanosomes and these can cause diseases
      
      1. EX: assassin bug, tsetse fly
      2. EX: trachomoniasis most common curable STD in women
      3. EX: giardia (in bad water)

Question 23

1. Sporozoans

Answer 23

animal-like protists.

1. Complete life cycle inside cells of host, motile stage is called sporozoite

EX: malaria. In the gut of mosquito zygotes develop into sporozoite and then injected into blood stream of human and reach liver. Reproduce asexually in the liver and the progeny enter the blood stream to invade red blood cells. Continue to reproduce asexually.

Question 24

what protists causes malaria

Answer 24

sporozoans

Question 25

Euglenoids are an example of ___ protists

Answer 25

plant like

Question 26

Euglenoids

Answer 26

1. plant-like protists
2. Has a flagellum and can eat things from its surroundings but they also have chloroplasts to do photosynthesis

Question 27

Chrysophyta

Answer 27

1. plant like protists
2. EX: diatoms—silica boxes organisms. When they die, the skeletons go into the ground and get nutrients from the silica. They are photosynthetic so they have pigments

Question 28

1. Dinoflagellates

Answer 28

plant-like protists: RED TIDE

1. Have two flagella. Can photosynthesize.
2. Type in the water that are toxic to fish and humans in the mid-atlantic region—when fertilizer washes into the water the protists replicate like crazy and create “red tides”

Question 29

what is extrmely closely related to plants but still classified as a protist

Answer 29

algae