Ch 3- carbs + lipids, DNA

Question 1

Polysaccharides

Answer 1

longer polymers than disaccharides, joined through dehydration synthesis

Question 2

Starches

Answer 2

insoluble polysaccharides. chain of alpha glucose subunits

Question 3

Maltose

Answer 3

disaccharide, alpha 1,4 glyocosidic linkage

Question 4

Lactose

Answer 4

beta glycosidic bonds, galactose + glucose

Question 5

cellulose

Answer 5

chain of beta 1,4 glucose subunits- we cannot digest this, its dietary fiber, humans do not have the enzyme to break down beta 1,4 linkages. unbrached.

Question 6

amylose

Answer 6

type of starch, unbranched, alpha 1,4 linkages. 20% of a potato.

Question 7

amylopectin

Answer 7

\alpha 1,6 linkages. “branched”. 80% of a potato- we can digest this! its a type of starch

Question 8

peptidoglycin

Answer 8

bacterial cell wall. beta 1,4 linkage with NH , CO side groups coming off it.

Question 9

chitin

Answer 9

structural polysaccharide. responsible for insect’s/lobster shells. beta 1,4 linkage. with NH, CO side groups coming off it.

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

group of molecules insoluble in water. fats, waxes, oils, etc

Question 11

lipids in water do what?

Answer 11

form micelles

Question 12

Triglycerides

Answer 12

fat molecules. 3 fatty acids. glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triglyceride.

Question 13

terpene

Answer 13

type of lipid. found in biological pigments, such as chlorophyll

Question 14

steroid

Answer 14

type of lipid. play important roles in membranes, basis of chemical signaling . composed of 4 carbon rings.

Question 15

prostaglandins

Answer 15

type of lipid. 2 nonpolar tails + 5 carbon ring. modified fatty acid. causes smooth muscle contraction.

Question 16

waxes

Answer 16

esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain alochol

Question 17

saturated fat

Answer 17

solid at room temperature, as the single bonds between carbons allow molecule to remain tightly packed.every carbon bonded to 2+ Hydrogens.

Question 18

unsaturated fat

Answer 18

liquid oil at room temp: double bonds between some carbons prevent triglyceride from closely aligning

Question 19

polyunsaturated

Answer 19

fatty acids with more than one double bond

Question 20

phospholipids

Answer 20

composed of: head- glycerol, phosphate, choline. tail: fatty acids. form the core of all biological membranes.

Question 21

trans fats vs cis fat

Answer 21

trans: H located across from each other. cis: opposite from each other. since no kink in chain of trans fat, result in higher melting point, more weight gain

Question 22

amphipathic molecules

Answer 22

both polar and non polar. ex: phospholipids

Question 23

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 23

lipids lined up so that heads face out, tails face in: as seen in biological membranes

Question 24

hydroxyl group

Answer 24

OH. polar, soluble in water. more OH groups = more soluble

Question 25

Fatty acid structure

Answer 25

O OH- C-C-C-….. -this ionizes in aqueous conditions, and the H pops off The C’s form a long nonpolar tails “hydrophobic” fears water. And then the left part is the polar head. ‘hydrophilic.’

Question 26

what is the structure of an ester?

Answer 26

O R-C-O-R its just an O with C's on either end

Question 27

How many carbons will you typically see in a fatty acid and what is the trend?

Answer 27

Fatty acid always has an even number of carbons. Reason is that its assembled from 2 carbon units. Numbers are usually like 12,14,16- not 60.

Question 28

Glycerol structure

Answer 28

H-C-OH + H-C-OH H-C-OH

Question 29

mono vs di vs triglyceride?

Answer 29

You could put 1,2 or 3 fatty acids onto a glycerol. Mono, di or tri glyceride.

Question 30

what is choline and what does it look like?

Answer 30

charged group on top of a phospholipid.

Question 31

draw the formation of a fat molecule

Answer 31

via dehydration synthesis: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol -\> fat + 3 h20

Question 32

structure of carbonyl group?

Answer 32

basic structure: o-C-R-R. 2 varieties: ketones, aldehydes.

Question 33

structure of an aldehyde and example of one?

Answer 33

ex: glucose has an aldehyde group on the top

Question 34

ketone structue and example of one?

Answer 34

O-C-R-R ex:

Question 35

amino group and properties?

Answer 35

H-N-H R-NH3 is a proton acceptor, aka a base. SOLUBLE.

Question 36

methyl group structure and solubility

Answer 36

non soluble. R-CH3. ex: pyruvate.

Question 37

carboxyl group structure and properties

Answer 37

COOH. acid form increases solubility- loses its H+ when it ionizes

Question 38

phosphate group structure and properties

Answer 38

in acid form, it increases solubility.

Question 39

glycogen

Answer 39

starch. long, branchy chain, alpha 1/4 linkage . looks identical to amylose/amylopectin. found in liver and muscles, excellent for energy stores (easy for amylase to hack off 2 glucoses at a time and use for energy)

Question 40

amylase

Answer 40

digests starch by breaking off 2 sugars (aka 1 maltose) at a time from a long chain

Question 41

maltose

Answer 41

alpha 1,4 linkage of 2 glucoses

Question 42

is glucose typically in D or L form?

Answer 42

D

Question 43

structural isomer and example

Answer 43

moving the actual backbone. ex: moving the carbonyl group glucose/fructose

Question 44

stereoisomer- and which carbon is it on?

Answer 44

same structure, but one side group is flipped in a mirror image. ex; glucose/galactose. it's carbon #4 that flips.

Question 46

hexose

Answer 46

6 carbon sugar

Question 47

source of energy from carbs is stored in which kind of bonds?

Answer 47

C-H bonds

Question 48

T/F: carbs are typically soluble in water

Answer 48

true! bc of all those hydroxyl groups

Question 49

suffix of ose is for who?

Answer 49

carbs/sugars

Question 50

why does orientation not matter for the last carbon in glucose?

Answer 50

not chiral- has 2 H's on it

Question 51

Kinase

Answer 51

An enyzme that moves around phosphate groups.

Question 52

How do polymers string together?

Answer 52

dehydration/condensation reaction

Question 53

T/F: condenstaion reactions create covalent bonds

Answer 53

true

Question 54

how do you determine D or L for carbon?

Answer 54

you look at the asymmetric carbon farthest from aldehyde group. note : carbons 1-5 are asymmetric

Question 56

what do the properties of glycogen versus chitin tell us about the role of sugars?

Answer 56

sugars can be used for energy storage (glycogen) or structural support (chitin)

Question 57

why do you put on weight as you age?

Answer 57

your body burns less energy and has a lower demand for carbs- if you keep eating the same amount, you will store them as fat

Question 58

what are the partial charges on peptide bonds?

Answer 58

partially negative charge on that oxygen, partially positive charge on the hydrogen. this explains why this hydrogen is DOWN

Question 59

sucrose

Answer 59

fructose + glucose

Question 60

cholesterol

Answer 60

type of steroid, so its a lipid. OH coming off at the end means its partially soluble. precursor for steroid hormones