Test 3 Part 1 Flashcards
- 2 membranes
- inner has projections called Cristae where enzymes are found
- responsible for cell respiration
Mitochondria
Using oxygen and sugar to get ATP
Cell respiration
- make proteins (protein synthesis)
- may float in the cytoplasm or attach to ER making the rough ER
- very numerous and tiny
Ribosomes
- fluid-filled canals
- substances get canned from one part of the cell to another (mostly proteins)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Protein fold into functional shapes
Rough ER
Cholesterol synthesis/breakdown, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs
Smooth ER
- near nucleus
- modifies and packages proteins
- *proteins ready to leave cell sweep and pitch off, migrate to cell membrane, fuse with it and export from the cell
Golgi apparatus
- contains digestive enzymes
- get rid of harmful substance
- rupture of lysosomes means self-destruction of the cell
Lysosomes
- membranes sacs with oxidase enzymes use these to detoxify substances
- *convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water numerous in kidney and liver cells
Peroxide
- internal framework
- determines cells shape
- support other organelles
- intercellular transport
- various cell movements
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm is made of?
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- Microfilaments
Cell division, cell shape, organelle distribution
Microtubules
Help to form desmosomes
Intermediate filaments
Cell mobility and changes in cell shape
Microfilaments
- parked near nucleolus, rod-shaped, lie at 90 degree angles to each other
- made of Microtubules, make mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrioles
- whiplike extensions of cell, move substances along cell surface
- centrioles and Microtubules make these
- found in respiratory and reproductive system
Cilia
- only cell in humans with flagellum is sperm propels cell
- longer than cilia
Flagella
- order of events are always set
- some cells that zipe through and make news where as many take time
Mitosis
- at the end, genetic information is replicated (copied)
- between phase
- Interphase
- nuclear membrane breaks apart
- centrioles migrate to poles (ends)
- Prophase
- spindle fibers from between the centrioles
- chromatin has formed distinct structures - chromosomes (46 in human cells)
- chromosomes attach themselves to spindle fibers
- Prophase
-chromosomes line up at the equator (middle)
- Metaphase
-chromosomes split apart, move toward the poles
- Anaphase
- the cell pinches in at the equator
- nuclear membrane reform
- spindles break apart
- cytoplasm completely divides - cytokinesis -> 2 daughter cells
- Telophase
- how cells get energy - occurs in mitochondria
- -two reactants:
1. Oxygen - breathing
2. Glucose - eating
Eq: 602 + C6H12O6 —> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38ATP
Cellular Respiration/Aerobic Respiration
- without oxygen
- cells use glucose
Eq: glucose –> carbon dioxide + lactic acid +2ATP
Anaerobic Respiration/lactic acid fermentation
- making proteins from amino acids
- this occurs in ribosomes
- there are 20 different amino acids
- DNA directs the process of protein synthesis
1. DNA partially “unzips” and next to the open bases, mRNA forms (messager)
2. mRNA then breaks off from DNA and carries its message (coded) to a ribosome
Proteins synthesis
3 RNA bases (triplets)
Codon
DNA/RNA T-A A-U C-G ----- C-G A-U G-C ----- G-C T-A C-G ----- A-U T-A G-C
DNA/RNA
Involves cell (plasma) membrane
Cell transport
No energy form the cell is needed
Passive transport
Spreading of molecules, movement of molecules from a point of high and low concentration
Diffusion
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membranes
Osmosis
- Distilled water
- cells will swell (burst)
Hypotonic solution
- 70% water solution
- cell doesn’t change size
Isotonic Solution
- 30% water
- salt solution
- cell loses water and it will shrinks
Hypertonic Solution
Sorting of molecules by seize, larger molecules are trapped by a filter
Filtration
Cells energy is used to move substances
Active transport
Condition of pushing something outside of cell, pushing of substances (often proteins) outside of a cell
Exocytosis
Pulling substances into cells
Endocytosis
Occurs when white blood cells “eat” other cells/particles
Phagocytosis
- has to do with carrying messages in the nervous system
- ions move when messages are carried
- potassium and sodium need to be punched out of neurons so that messages can be carried
Sodium-potassium pump
