Test 3 Ch 6, 7 Flashcards by Michelle Niewinski

How many bones in the foot?

How many tarsals?

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Th base of the 5th metatarsal has a rough__________, and is the most _____________fracture

Tuberosity

Common

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The largest sesame is bone in the body

Patella

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What projections would we use to see a fracture in a sesamoid bone?

Tangential projection

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The largest and strongest bone of the foot?

Calcaneus

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Posterior inferior part of calcaneus ??

The tuberosity

Common site for bone spurs

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Largest tendons is the ??

Which contains two processes called

Achilles’ tendon

Medial and lateral process

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What is the sustentaculum?

A support for the talus

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The talus articulates with 4 bones, what are they?

Tibia
Fibula
Calcaneus
Navicular

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The deep depression between the posterior and middle articulate facets?

Calcaneal sulcus

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Benign neoplasticism bone lesions filled with clear fluid in knee joint mostly occurring in children

Appear as lucent areas on X-ray

Bone cysts

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Also known as runners knee

Softening of cartilage under patella

Chondromalacia patellae

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What are Malignant tumors of cartilage that occur in pelvis or long bones

Often seen white on radiograph

Chondrosarcomas

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A slow growing benign tumor found in small bones of hands and feet

Radiolucent appearing on radiograph

Enchondroma

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Onion peel look on radiograph

Ewing sarcoma

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Overproduction of bone at knee joint. Growth stops at epiphyseal plate.

Exostosis

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A form of arthritis; hereditary where Uric acid appears excessively

Gout

Initial attack’s at 1st MTP joint of foot

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Inflammation of bone and cartilage of anterior proximal tibia

Is good schlatter disease

Common in 10-15 yr old boys

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Bone softening.. caused by lack of mineralization

Rickets

Bowing in children’s legs

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What is the Tangential projection of toes used for?

For sesamoid bones
Dorsiflex foot
Patient prone position

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AP projection of the foot is also known as ?

And we must angle the tube ?

Dorsoplantar

Cr angled at 10 degrees
posteriorly toward heel

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Where do we direct CR for Lateral-Mediolateral projections of foot

What position of the foot for an oblique foot projection ??

Cr directed to medial cuneiform.
Used To see foreign bodies

30-40 degrees; using a 45’ radiolucent sponge

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Why do we use weight bearing projections of the feet ?

Longitudinal or transverse arches
Or
To see Lisfranic joint injuries
Angle Cr to 15 degrees to midpoint of both feet

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What is another name for the Plantodorsal(axial) projection of foot and how do we use it ?

Calcaneus projection
Direct Cr to base of 3rd metatarsal
Angle 40 cephalad

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AP ankle

CR - to midway between malleoli Adjust foot ankle for true AP but do not force foot Ankle joint space will not be open

What position is the patient for an AP mortise projection ? What would we use this projection to see?

15-20 degrees medial rotation of lower leg Entire ankle mortise and the proximal 5th metatarsal; common fracture site.

AP oblique ankle requires the patients leg and foot to rotate how many degrees ?

45 degrees medially And the calcaneus will be super imposed over the lateral malleolus

AP projection of lower leg requires how many inches be included on both ankle and knee joints

1-2 inches Place sand bags on foot if needed for stabilization. 14x17 inch IR ; can place leg diagonally

For an AP knee projection, where do we align the CR?

Parallel to articulate facets (tibial plateau) Average patient is perpindicular 1/2 inch distal or inferior to apex of patella !!!!

Rotate leg how many degrees for a true AP knee??

3-5 degrees

Do an oblique knee projection; Rotate knee how many degrees?

45 degrees medially

Most routine oblique knee projections include mainly the ??

Medial roatation but some places require medial and lateral rotation projection of the knee

For a lateral mediolateral knee projection, what 2 projections are options: What is the CR angle??

Lateral recumbent - Which requires a 20-30 degree flex of the knee Horizontal beam - done for patient unable to flex 5-7 degrees cephalad and 1 inch distal to medial epicondyles

Rosenberg method of the bilateral knee projection.

Position standing 45 degrees PA flexion for weight bearing bilateral knees. CR angles at 10 degrees caudad between knee joints 1/2 inch below patella

What are the names of the few Tunnel views of the intercondylar fossa ?

Camp Coventry methods = prone (easiest method for pt) Holmblad method = kneeling Beclere method= supine To view intercondykar fossa, knee joint, and articular facet

For an AP of the patella, __________ rotation of the knee by 5 degrees

Internal

What projection would we use to see the intercondylar sulcus of the patella ?

“ Hobbs modification”or superinferor sitting tangential method of patella

The ligament attached to the head of the femur

Capitus femoris

The lesser and greater trochanters are joined posteriorly by a thick ridge called

Intertrochanteric crest

The femur and leg must be angled/rotated medially and internally by?? To get a true AP projection

15-20 degrees

Another name for the 2 hip bones

Innominate bones

Two positioning landmarks that of which is the Ilium are?

Iliac crest | ASIS

Directly superior to the ischial spine is a deep notch called?

Greater sciatic notch

The largest foremen in the body ??

Obturator foramen

The area above or superior to the oblique plane through the pelvic brim?

False pelvis

Forms the actual birth canal ?

True pelvis | Lesser pelvis

The two ischial tuberosities and the top of the coccyx defines the

The Outlet

The area between the inlet and outlet is

The cavity

The 3 divisions of the hip bone (acetabulum) are separate in children until they fuse together by what age

Middle teens

A small depression located in the center of the femoral head

Fovea capitus

Hip joint classification and mobility and movements are:

Synovial Diathrodial Ball and socket

What movement type is the acetabulum ??

Non moveable!!! Synthrodial mobility Cartilagenous

What physical sign indicates that they have a hip fracture ?

The foot rotates externally!

Which modality would we use to diagnose early signs of metastatic carcinoma of the pelvis ?

Nuclear medicine

Malignancy spread to bone via circulatory and lymphatic systems

Metastatic carcinoma

Which modality will best demonstrate a fracture ring of the pelvis?

Where is the CR placed for an AP pelvis projection ?

Between ASIS and pubis symphysis

If the left iliac wing is elongated on an Ap pelvis, that means the Patient is —

Rotated toward the right

Axiolateral inferosuperior projection (danelius Miller) is trauma or non trauma ??

Trauma

The Frog leg projections are both trauma or non trauma??

Non trauma

Modified axiallateral projection (Clements-Nakayama method) | Is trauma or non trauma

Truama! | And cr is angled 15-20 degrees posteriorly from horizontal

Which pathology is demonstrated for th posterior oblique (Judet method)?

Aceteblar fractures | Body rotated 45 degrees

How is the CR is angled for the PA axial oblique (tuefel) projection ?

12 degree cephalad

The imaginary line that separates the false from the true pelvis?

Pelvic brim

The pubic arch angle on an average male pelvis is an ________ angle and is —

Acute | Less than

Male or female Iliac wings that are more flared= Heart shaped inlet=

Female | Male

Which structure is most posterior ?

Ischial spines

Another term for the outlet of the true pelvis ?

Inferior aperture

In a true AP projection, the lesser trochanter will be _______ visible?

Less !

The greater pelvis = | The lesser pelvis=

False pelvis | True pelvis

The roof of the distal ankle joint is called

Tibial plafond

The ankle joint is which type of joint classification and movement?

Synovial joint | Saddle/seller joint

The articular facets of the proximal tibia are also called________ And they slope __________ degrees

Tibial plateau | 10-20 degrees posteriorly

The most proximal aspect of the fibula The extreme distal end of the fibula forms the _______

Styloid process | Lateral malleolus

The posterior aspect of the distal femur ?

Intercondylar fossa

The posterloateral aspect of the medial femoral condylarths is also called

Adductor tubercle

The general region of the posterior knee is

Popliteal

The posterior surface of the patella is normally rough?

No!

The two bursae found in the knee joint?

Infrapatellar | Suprapatellar

The knee joint(femorotibial) is what classification ?? | And the patellafemoral joint is??

Bicondylar | Saddle

What is another name for osteomalacia ?

Rickets

Asymmetric erosion of joint spaces with calcaneal erosion?

Reiters syndrome

Small round oval density with lucent center?

Osteoid osteoma

What is the CR angulation for a PA Axial weight bearing projection (Rosenberg Method)?

10 degrees caudad

How much knee flexion is needed for the Homblad method?

60-70 degrees

How much flexion of the knee is recommended for a lateral projection of patella ?

5-10 degrees

Can be performed using a wheel chair or lowered radiographic table

Hobbs Modification

Which projection will best bemonstrate someone with Osgood-schlatter disease ??

Lateral knee projection | To see tibial tiberosity

Where is the CR angled for the frog leg projections ?

3 in below ASIS

Where is the Cr placed for the unilateral frog leg ??

At the midfemoral neck

How much obliquity is required for the posterior oblique(Judet Method)??

45 degrees

Which projections would we use to evaluate the pelvic inlet for possible fracture ?

AP Axial projection

Taking a lateral mediolateral Knee Projection; there are two options. A lateral recumbent And Horizontal Beam. How do they differ??

The lateral recumbent is made or patients who can flex their knee 20-30 degrees. The horizontal beam is for the patient who is unable to flex the knee.

For the lateral knee projections, we always angle the CR how many degrees ?

5-7 degrees cephalad

What is the Merchant bilateral method?

A tangential projection Taken of the Patella

Direct CR midway between what? for a AP Pelvis? Position legs how many degrees medially?

AsIS and pubis symphysis Or 2 inch inferior to ASIS 15-20 degrees

For an AP frog leg or (modified Cleaves) projections where do we direct the CR ?

3 inches below ASIS | And flex both knees 90 degrees

Another name for the AP Axial outlet projection?

Taylor method (Trauma pelvis) Angle Cr cephalad 20-35 * men 30-45* women

What do we use the Judet method for?? And is there more than one picture?

To picture the Acetabulum! | There are 2 projections right and left obliques