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Radiographic Positioning Bontrager > Ch 11 Skull > Flashcards

Ch 11 Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Which skull projections are used to see the frontal bones?

A 
PA Axial (Caldwell method) 
PA projection
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2
Q

Which projections are used to demonstrate the occipital bone?

A 
AP Axial (Towne Method) 
PA Axial (Haas Method)
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3
Q

What projection is used to demonstrate the parietal bones and entire cranium?

A

Lateral position

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4
Q

Which position is used to demonstrate fractures (Tripod and le fort) and foreign bodies in the eye

A

Facial bones: waters Method

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5
Q

What Method is used to see blowout fractures??

A 
Modified waters (Facial bones) 
Demonstrated orbital floors
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6
Q

Which position is used to demonstrate nasal bone fractures?

A 
Lateral position of nasal bones 
Superinferior tangential (Axial) projection of nasal bones
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7
Q

Which projection demonstrates the frontal sinuses?

A

PA Projection (Caldwell)

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8
Q

Which projection is used to visualize maxillary sinus’s?

A

Waters Method of sinus
(Petronius ridges below sinus)
& open mouth waters

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9
Q

Which projection shows the sphenoid sinus/ethmoid?

A

SMV of sinus

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10
Q

What position causes the Petrous pyramids to be projected into the orbits??

A

PA Projection of Skull

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11
Q

The Petronius pyramids must be removed from facial bone area; by raising the chin, the Petronius pyramids are projected below maxillary sinus’ what Method allows this??

A

Parietocanthial (waters Method) Projection

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12
Q

OML -30* caudad or IOML -37*
Center 2 1/2 inches above glabella
Used to see occipital bone

A

AP Axial of skull

Towne Method

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13
Q

Head in true lateral
IOML flexion
CR 2inches above EAM

A

Lateral position skull

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14
Q

PA Axial (Caldwell Method) skull

A

Flex neck to OML
CR 15* caudad
Exits nasion

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15
Q

PA Projection of skull

A

Flex neck OML
No angulation
Exits Glabella
To see frontal bone!

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16
Q

Extend neck to IOML
CR to 1 1/2 inferior to mandible line
MSP
Center IR to CR

A

SMV

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17
Q

Alternative projection to the Towne Method ??

A

Haas Method

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18
Q

Haas Method

A

CR 25* cephalad
Flex neck to OML
Exit 1 1/2 inches above nasion

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19
Q

Lateral position of facial bones

A

True lateral
IOML
CR to zygoma (cheek)
Midway between canthus and EAM

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20
Q

Waters Method of Facial Bones

A

MML perpendicular and OML is 37* to table

CR MSP and exit Acanthion

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21
Q

PA Axial Projection (Caldwell) facial bones

A

OML perpendicular
CR 15* caudad; exit nasion
Project Petronius ridge below iom

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22
Q

(Modified waters) parietocanthial Projection (facial bones)

A

LML perpendicular
OML will be 55* with IR
Cr exits acanthion

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23
Q

The highest level of the petroleum ridge is at the level of

A

The TeA

Top of ear

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24
Q

Ther is an average distance between the OML and IOML that is

A

7-8 degrees

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25
Q

The GAL is located where

Glabelloalveloar line

A

The GAL connects the glabella and the anterior aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla
(Used for Lateral Skull and tangential nasal bones)

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26
Q

the occipital protuberance

The widest portion of the skull

A

Inion

Parietal tubercles (eminence)

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27
Q

2 devices may be used to ensure accurate lining of the positioning lines which are:

A

A Straightedge

A ruler

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28
Q

The highest level of the facial bone mass

A

SOG

Same level as (Floor of anterior fossa )

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29
Q

The part of the external ear that is a large cartilagous flap outside the ear

A

Auricle or pinna

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30
Q

The small cartilaginous flap the covers the opening of the ear

A

The Tragus

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31
Q

Shape of average head is termed

A

Mesocephalic

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32
Q

Fracture of the floor of the orbit

A severe bilateral horizontal fracture of the maxilla

A

Blowout fracture

Le fort fracture

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33
Q

A hit on one side that results in a fracture on opposite side.

A

Contrecoup fracture

Ex:mandible is hit on one side but opposite side is fractured

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34
Q

Will we increase or decrease exposure for pituitary adenoma?

A

+ increase bcuz of smaller field size

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35
Q

A growth from mucous membrane hat projects into sinus cavity

A

A polyp

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36
Q

A benign tumor of the auditory nerve

A

Acoustic neuroma

37
Q

Bacterial infection of the mastoid process

A

Acute mastoiditis

38
Q

Also referred to as a ping pong fracture

A

Depressed fracture

39
Q

A small hole located in the sphenoid is called and allows what?

A

Optic foramen

Allows optic Nerve to pass

40
Q

Each orbit contains ____ bones.

The skull has 2 sets of bones cranial and facial. How many for each

A

7 bones
(3 cranial 4 Facial)

Cranial 8
Facial 14

41
Q

Projecting inferior to mandible and anterior to EAM

Houses the organs of hearing and equilibrium

A

Styloid process

Petrous pyramid (pars petrosa)

42
Q

Upper border of the petrous pyramid is called

Also corresponds to the level of TeA!

A

Petrous Ridge (petrous apex)

43
Q

Each temporal bone articulated with 3 bones which are:

A

Parietal
OccipitAl
Sphenoid bones

44
Q

The central depression of the body of sphenoid
(Looks like a saddle)

This protects a major gland of the body which is the

A

Sella turcica

Pituitary gland!!
Dorsum sella is the back of saddle!!

45
Q

The sella turcica is located on the ______ bone to protect the _________ gland. It has anterior and posterior ______ processes and the posterior side is the dorsum sella

A

Sphenoid
Pituitary
Clinoid

46
Q

The sella turcica and the dorsum sellae are best demonstrated on which projection

A

The lateral projection of cranium

47
Q

The upper small horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone is called
(Which provides small opening for branches to olfactory nerves)

A

The cribriform plate!

48
Q

Another name or derived from the “roosters comb” superior to the cribriform plate is the

A

Crista Galli

49
Q

The lateral labrynths or masses are located downward from ethmoid to help form

A

Nasal bones

50
Q

The sutures of our skull are articulations or joints that are classified as

A

Fibrous and synathrodial joints!!

51
Q

Conjunction of 2 parietal bones

Separates parietal from occipital

A

Squamosal suture

Lambdoidal suture

52
Q

The joining of sutures doesn’t occur til some time after birth called Fontanels!! The cranial sutures do not ossify until

A

Mid-late 20’s!!

53
Q

Early in life the Bregma and Lambda are not bony (soft spots) these are called:

A

Fontanels

6occur in infant

54
Q

3 main parts of the middle Ear

A

Tympanic membrane
Auditory ossicles
Tympanic cavity

55
Q

The passageway between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

A

Eustachian tube

56
Q

3 small bones of the middle ear

Beginning of the ear

A

Auditory ossicles

Tympanic membrane

57
Q

Vibrations are first picked up by the ____ meaning “hammer”

A

Malleus

58
Q

Each nasal bone articates with

A

2 cranial bones and 2 facial bones

59
Q

Which auditory ossicle is the smallest?

Which resembles premolar?

A

Stapes

Incus

60
Q

New and abnormal growth:
Expansion of internal acoustic canal:

The EAM is how long?

A

Neoplasia
Acoustic neuroma
1inch

61
Q

4 processes of maxilla

A

Frontal
Zygomatic
Alveolar
Palatine

62
Q

A free floating zygomatic bone is also called__________ fracture

A

Tripod

63
Q

What facial bones are best seen with the parietocanthial projection?

A

Orbits

64
Q

For the Caldwell projection, the 30* angle is used to put the _________ below the orbit floor

A

Petrous ridges

65
Q

2 reasons the facial bones are done PA rather than AP?

A

Decrease OID,

Decrease exposure

66
Q

Lateral projections for nasal bones are usually taken_______

A

Bilaterally

67
Q

To demonstrate the sinuses, and obtain air-fluid levels, it is important to

A

Perform erect

Use horizontal beam

68
Q

To rule out sinusitis in the maxillary sinuses, what other modality may be used??

A

Ultrasound

69
Q

Which sinuses are best demonstrated with a PA Caldwell?

A

Frontal and anterior ethmoid bones

70
Q

Which projection best demonstrates the maxillary sinus?

A

Waters projection

Placing petrous ridge below them

71
Q

A lateral radiograph shows the greater wings of sphenoid are NOT superimposed; what positioning error was done?

A

Rotation of the skull

72
Q

Which single projection may be used for facial bones for any possible air fluid levels of patient can’t stand or sit erect?

A

Horizontal beam

73
Q

The sphenoid sinus lie directly inferior to:

Which aspect of ethmoid bones contain air cells?

A

Sella turcica

Lateral masses

74
Q

A lateral projection shows that the orbital plates are not superimposed; what positioning error is this?

A

Tilt

75
Q

In an AP Towne, The left petrous ridge is wider than the right; why positioning error is this?

A

Rotation of skull to patients R

76
Q

Which 2 projections place the dorsum sellae into the foramen magnum ?

A

Towne

HAAS

77
Q

Which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window?

Serious brain infection:

A

Stapes

Encephalitis

78
Q

The thinnest part of the temporal bone and the frontal bone?

A

Squamous portion

79
Q

The most lateral aspect of the middle ear ?

Another name for Reid’s Baseline?

A

Malleus

IOML

80
Q

2 terms for small, irregular bones on the adult skull sutures

A

Wormian or sutural

81
Q

The Calvarium (skullcap) consists of which 4 bones?

A

Frontal bone
Both L and R parietal bones
Occipital bone

82
Q

The floor of the skull is made up of which 4 bones ?

A

R and L temporal bones
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

83
Q

May demonstrate enlarged sella turcica and erosion of dorsum sella; CT and MRI are mostly used.

A

Pituitary adenomas

84
Q

Fractures through dense inner structure of temporal bones; can cause bleeding into sphenoid sinus

A

Basal Skull fracture

85
Q

What projection projects petrous pyramids directly into orbits?

A

PA Skull Projection

86
Q

For the waters method; where should the petrous pyramids lie??

A

Below the maxillary sinuses

87
Q

For an AP Towne, where should the dorsum sellae be visualized?

A

Inside the foramen magnum

88
Q

For the superoinferior tangential Axial Projection of nasal bones; where should Cr be ?

A

CR to nasion and ensure it is parallel to GAL

Radiographic Positioning Bontrager (11 decks)

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