1st Spring -Final!! Flashcards
1
Q
The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblangata and ends at the
A
Conus medullaris
L1-L2
2
Q
7 (Cervical) 12 (Thoracic) 5 (Lumbar) 1 (Sacrum) born with 5 1 (Coccyx born with 4 Total for child Total for adult
A
33
26
3
Q
Concavity of lumbar spine
Convexity of thoracic spine
Exaggerated lateral curvature
A
Lordosis (swayback)
Kyphosis (humpback)
Scoliosis
4
Q
1st compensatory curve
1st primary curve
A
Cervical
Thoracic
5
Q
4 articular processes of the vertebra ?
A
2 superior
2 inferior
6
Q
Respiration could not occur without the____
A
Spine
7
Q
Another term for facet??
The atlas corresponds _____to and the axis corresponds to ______
A
Zygapophyseal joint
C1, C2
8
Q
Another name for Dens _____which is attached to _____
Does C1 have a body?
A
Odontoid
C2
No!!
9
Q
Skull to C1 joint is called ??
C1 to C2 joint is called?
A
Atlantooccipital
Atlantoaxial
10
Q
For the Thoracic vertebra, the zygapophyseal joints lie at
A
70-75’ angle to MSP
11
Q
Another name for C7
LPO, RPO shows the
LAO, RAO shows the
A
Vertebral prominens
Upside
Downside
12
Q
Fracture extends to C2 from extreme hyper extension :
Fracture of C1; splintered or crushed
A
Hangman’s fracture
Jefferson fracture
13
Q
What projection demonstrates a Jefferson’s fracture ?
A
AP open mouth projection
14
Q
Schuermann disease requires which projection ?
A
Scoliosis series
Mild kyphosis and scoliosis
15
Q
Cervicothoracic lateral aka swimmers lateral shoes what region?
A
C5-T3
Used if can’t see C7/T1 on cervical lateral
16
Q
This method may be used if odontoid is not shown on an open mouth projection of the cervical spine?
A
Fuchs (AP) or Judd Method (PA)
17
Q
How do we preform an Otonello Method of the cervical spine and what is it used for?
A
AP projection of the “wagging jaw” to see structures of C1 and odontoid
18
Q
The Pillars projection of the cervical spine is used to see which anatomy?
A
C4-C7 and spinous processes
19
Q
A lateral of the thoracic spine requires what breathing technique?
A
Orthostatic
CR to T7
20
Q
An AP Axial cervical spine and posterior oblique positions requires what CR angle?
A
15-20 cephalic angle
AP oblique would be caudad 15-20.
21
Q
CR is to pass through _____ during obliques, lateral, and AP Axial is the cervical spine
A
C4
22
Q
For the swimmers position If a patient cannot depress his shoulders enough during expiration an angle may be required to?
A
3-5* caudad
23
Q
To rule out whiplash; what positions for the cervical spine may be performed
A
Lateral of hyperextension and hyperflexions
24
Q
(Separation of pars) or This may appear to make the Scottie dog appear to have a collar?
A
Spondylolysis
25
Forward slipping of one vertebra onto another (defect in pars)
Bamboo appearance
Spondyloliothesis
Ankylosing spondylitis
26
Osteoblastic lesions
Osteolytic lesions
Increased density
| Destructive
27
The seatbelt fracture occurring in vertebrae from hyper flexion force
Chance fracture
28
On a lateral thoracic spine, it is helpful to place the ________ side down if it is known that the patient has scoliosis
Convexity or sag
29
On a AP Axial L5-S1 of the lumbar spine AND the AP sacroiliac joints specific CR angulation is required for male vs female
Cephalad 35 female
| Cephalad 30 male
30
Th Cr placement for a-spot film of the lateral lumbar ?
1.5 inch inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior of ASIS
31
AP Sacrum CR placement?
| AP Coccyx CR placement ?
15* cephalad
2 in above P.S
10* caudad; 2 in above P.S
32
Separate Sacrum and Coccyx AP projections may be ordered together but the lateral _______
May be done together!
33
The lower inside margin of each rib (costal groove) protects what?
An artery, vein, and nerve.
| Making rib injuring very painful !
34
Which breathing technique is required for the ribs?
Orthostatic breathing or shallow breathing
35
To mark the site of injury for a rib, the tech may:
Tape a small B.B. or radiopaque marker over site of injury
36
When taking an image of the ribs; above the diaphragm the breathing technique is:
Below the diaphragm is:
On Inspiration erect 75-80kv
| On expiration recumbent85kv
37
Funnel chest is aka:
| Flail chest is due to:
Pectus excavatum
| Blunt trauma
38
The sternum routine is:
| And it requires orthostati c breathing w minimum of 3 sec exposure. The sternum will be
15-20* Obliques, lateral
| Sternum superimposed over heart shadow
39
Th skullcap(culvarium) is another has 4 bones:
Frontal, R and L parietal, and occipital bones
40
The skull has ____ cranial bones and ____ Facial bones
8
| 14
41
The sella turcica can be visualized on what projection and what bone is it located?
Lateral
| Sphenoid
42
Another name for “roosters comb” on skull
Crista Galli
43
The 6 Fontanels of an infant normally do not ossify until
Mid-late 20s
44
Small irregular bones of the skull
4 sinuses:
Sutural or wormian
| Sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, maxillary
45
Largest sinus-
| To check air fluid levels in what sinus after head trauma?
Maxillary
Sphenoid effusion
46
Which sinus is not connected to the cranial bones
Maxillary
47
2 common positioning errors while taking skull radiographs
Tilt and rotation
48
A PA Projection projects the petrous ridges
| The waters Method places them:
Directly into the orbits
| Below the maxillary sinus’
49
For the towne Method of the skull; CR technique is
30* caudad to OML
37* caudad to IOML
2 1/2 in above glabella
50
What degree difference is there between end IOML and OML of the towne Method
7-8*
51
Deglitution=
| Mastication =
Swallowing
| Chewing
52
3 salivary glands:
| The 4 accessory organs of digestion:
Parotid, sublingual, submandibular
Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
53
Stomach contents churned into semi fluid mass:
| Catalysts to speed digestion:
Chyme
| Enzymes
54
Mechanical digestion=
| 3 structures that pass thru the diaphragm:
Rhythmic segmentation
| Inferior vena cava, esophagus, aortA
55
In erect position, how much do abdominal organs drop?
1-2inches
56
On a hypersthenic pt, where does the stomach lie?
Upper transverse area
57
Negative contrast media=
| Positive contrast media=
Radiolucent
| Radiopaque
58
What can be ingested to create CO2 for GI studies?
Calcium is magnesium citrate
59
What is the most common positive contrast media?
Barium sulfate (BaSo4)
60
What is the purpose for gas on a double contrast media study?
To push barium against intestines
61
What is performed on someone with suspected GERD?
Endoscopy
62
What is the KvP for upper GI:
| Double contrast:
100-125
| 90-100
63
Another name for pancreatic duct=
Duct of wirsung
64
3 divisions of small intestine:
Duodenum (shortest)
Jejenum (40% of intestine)
Ileum (longest)
65
Widest portion of the large intestine?
| What does Enterocylsis mean?
Cecum
| Double contrast
66
What position is recommended for small bowel radiographs?
Prone to separate loops
67
What type of pt most likely experiences intusseption?
| Double contrast studies are best for:
Infant
| Chrohns disease and malapsortption
68
What is responsible for synthesis of vitamin K&B and amino acids?
Large intestine
69
Which part is responsible for digestion, absorption, and reabsorption?
Small intestine
70
Which hormone is secreted in the gallbladder?
| Where is the gallbladder located?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
| Inferior,posterior of liver RUQ
71
What separates the left and right lobe of the liver?
Falciform ligament
72
Below the tongue
Below mandible
Largest salivary gland
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid
73
Which part covers the larynx opening so that food n fluid are not aspirated
Epiglottis
74
Substances ingested but NoT digested
Water
Minerals
Vitamins
75
Emulsification of fats:
| Where is this produced and where is it stored
Bile
| Produced by liver and stored in gallbladder
76
Narrowing of esophagus
| Difficulty swallowing
Achalasia
| Dysphasia
77
Wormlike appearance of esophagus:
| Streaked appearance:
Esophageal varices
| Barrett esophagus
78
Outpouching of mucosal wall
| Erosion of stomach (halo sign)
Diverticuli
| Ulcer
79
The feathery appearance of the small intestine:
| The length of the small intestine:
Jejenum
| 15-18ft
80
Cobblestone appearance
| Tapered/corkscrew appearance
Ulcerative colitis
| Volvulus
81
3 common BE tips
Plastic disposable
Rectal retention
Air contrast retention
82
The insertion of the BE tip should be directed toward_______
Umbilicus and on expiration to relax the muscles
83
The kidneys and ureters are located in the
Retroperitoneal space
84
2 palpable landmarks to locate the kidneys
Iliac crest and xiphoid process
85
An abnormal drop of the kidneys is called
| What organ is pear shaped ?
Nephroptosis
| Gallbladder
86
3 functions of urinary system
Remove nitrogenous waste
Regulate H2O
Regulate acid-base
87
Intravenous contrast media administered by:
Bolus injection
| Drip fusion
88
Common size of needle for bolus injections on adults
18-22 Gauge adults
| 23-25 peds
89
Most common types of needles used for bolus injection
Butterfly and over the needle, straight through the needle
90
The leakage of contrast media from a vessel into surrounding tissues
Extravasation
91
Loss of consciousness resulting from reduced cerebral blood flow
Syncope
92
Structural unit of kidney:
| Outer portion of kidney:
Nephron
| Cortex
93
The average water intake in 24 hr period
| Another name for medulla of kidney
2.5 Liters
| Renal pyramids
94
The total capacity for urine
| Ureters lie on the anterior surface:
350-500mL
| Psoas muscles
95
The tourniquet is placed _______ inches above the injection site
3-4in
96
What are common anions to stabilize an ionic iodinated contrast media?
Diatrizoate, iothalamate, metrizoate
97
The higher the osmolality, the ______ chance of reaction
Greater!
| Causing vein spasm ^blood plasma
98
Non ionic organic iodide contains ___ positively charged cations
NOne!!
99
2 common side effects of iodinated contrast medium
Temporary hot flash
| Metallic taste
100
Local reactions effect:
| Systemic reactions effect:
Region of body contrast was given
| Entire body!
101
Fracture of wrist/ distal radius
Fracture of 5th metacarpal
Fracture on one side only
Colles
Boxer
Greenstick
102
Also called ping-pong fracture
Realigned and immoblized w/ a splint/cast
Fracture site/surgery with screws
Depression fracture m
Closed reduction
Open reduction
103
Inflammation of tibia-occur in 5-10y/o boys:
| Abnormal growth of hip 5-10y/o boys:
Osgood/Schlatter disease
| Leg-Calve-perthes disease
104
A sliding hiatal hernia (weakening of esophageal sphincter)
Schatzki Ring
105
Esophageal reflux may require breathing techniques which are
```
Valsalva maneuver
Mueller maneuver (Rachael’s and inhaled against epiglottis)
```
106
Water soluble iodinated contrast should not be used if a patient is:
Sensitive to iodine or dehydrated!!
107
Involuntary Contractions digestion:
| Where is barium on AP Supine?
Peristalsis
| Top of fungus
108
Where is the barium when the patient is prone and erect?
```
Prone= lower whole region of stomach
Erect= lower 1/2 region of stomach
```
109
In the erect position with barium contrast, the barium tends to form
A straight line to lower aspect of stomach
110
Cholelithiasis:
| Neoplasms
Having gallstones in gallbladder
| New growths
111
At what age does the skeleton reach full ossification?
25 yrs old
112
2 terms of displacement of bone from joint:
Dislocation
| Luxation
113
4 parts of body most commonly dislocated in trauma
Shoulder
Fingers
Patella
Hip
114
2 incomplete fractures
Torus
| Green stick
115
Act of voiding
| An eruption of hives caused by food/drugs
Micturition
| Urticaria
