Test 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

attitude (evaluative)

A

a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one’s beliefs, and exhibited in one’s feelings and intended behavior).

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2
Q

implicit association test (AIT)

A

a computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings and faster responses are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.

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3
Q

role

A

a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

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4
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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5
Q

low-ball technique

A

a tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request often will still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

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6
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

discomfort caused by inconsistency of information.

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7
Q

insufficient justification (dissonance reduction)

A

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient.”

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8
Q

self-perception theory

A

the theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

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9
Q

over justification effect

A

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing, so their intrinsic motivation to perform the task is decreased.

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10
Q

self-affirmation theory

A

a theory that people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people’s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.

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11
Q

natural selection

A

the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed on to ensuing generations.

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12
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of evolution of cognition and behavior and using principles of natural selection.

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13
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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14
Q

norms (behavior prescription)

A

standards for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe proper behavior.

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15
Q

personal space

A

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us.

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16
Q

gender

A

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

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17
Q

empathy

A

the vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes.

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18
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

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19
Q

gender role

A

a set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females.

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20
Q

interaction (biology-environment)

A

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment).

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21
Q

conformity

A

a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure.

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22
Q

compliance (type of conformity) (tennis team 101)

A

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing.

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23
Q

obedience

A

following orders.

24
Q

acceptance (type of conformity) (acting and believing)

A

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.

25
Q

auto kinetic phenomenon

A

self (auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark.

26
Q

cohesiveness

A

a “we feeling”; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another.

27
Q

normative influence (type of conformity) (people pleaser)

A

conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance.

28
Q

informational influence (type of conformity) (believe what others say)

A

conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people.

29
Q

persuasion

A

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

30
Q

central route to persuasion

A

when people are motivated and able to think about an issue, they are likely to take tis route - focusing on the arguments. If those arguments are strong and compelling, persuasion is likely.

31
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

32
Q

credibility

A

believability. a credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy.

33
Q

sleeper effect

A

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

34
Q

attractiveness

A

having qualities that appeal to an audience. an appealing communicatory is most persuasive on matter of subjective preference.

35
Q

primacy effect

A

other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.

36
Q

recency effect

A

information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primacy effects.

37
Q

channel of communication

A

the way the message is delivered - whether face to face, in writing, on film, or in some other way.

38
Q

two-step flow of communication

A

the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others.

39
Q

need for cognition

A

analytical people - those with a high need for cognition - enjoy thinking critically and prefer central routes.

40
Q

cult

A

a group typically characterized by 1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person, 2) isolation from the surrounding “evil” culture, and 3) a charismatic leader.

41
Q

attitude inoculation (like role play when you were younger)

A

exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.

42
Q

group

A

two or more people who, for longer than few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as “us.”

43
Q

co-actors

A

co-partiicpants working individually on a noncompetitive activity.

44
Q

social facilitation

A

original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present. current meaning: the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

45
Q

evaluation apprehension

A

concern for how others are evaluating us.

46
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people toe set less effort wen they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

47
Q

free riders

A

people who benefit from the group but give little in return.

48
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

49
Q

group polarization

A

group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group.

50
Q

social comparison

A

evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others.

51
Q

pluralistic ignorance (many are ignorant)

A

In social psychology, pluralistic ignorance is a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it.

52
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that person engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

53
Q

leadership

A

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

54
Q

task leadership

A

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals.

55
Q

social leadership

A

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

56
Q

transformational leadership

A

leadership that, enabled by a elder’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence.