Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

why is there a chapter on the self?

A

because there is a relationship between how we see ourselves and our social relations.

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2
Q

self-concept

A

how we see ourselves.

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3
Q

self-esteem

A

how we feel about ourselves.

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4
Q

Reciprocal, odd Relationship

A

if you have normal mentally healthy self-esteem, you will miss remember this that went poorly for you.

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5
Q

What does the Social Comparison Theory influence? What is its role?

A

influences self-concept and self-esteem.

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6
Q

Goals/Reasons for Social Comparison Role

A

1) feel better about ourselves (affects self-esteem)

2) to learn about ourselves (affects self-concept)

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7
Q

Types of Social Comparison

A

downward, lateral, and upward.

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8
Q

Lateral Comparison (we feel better after)

A

compare with people who got the same as you.

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9
Q

Downward Comparison (we feel better after)

A

compare with people who perform worse than you.

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10
Q

Upward Comparison (feel worse after)

A

compare with people who perform better than you.

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11
Q

Role of Self in Social Thinking

A

using the self as a baseline in judging others.

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12
Q

reverse comparison

A

comparing others to self in judging others.

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13
Q

How do social comparison and reverse comparison differ?

A

social comparison is about judging yourself, and reverse comparison is about judging other people. In both cases, you are comparing yourself with other; it differs in who you are judging.

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14
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

positive biases about ourselves (positive illusions). having these is healthy.

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15
Q

People who see themselves perfectly…

A

are at greater risk of depression.

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16
Q

Attribution Self-Serving Bias

A

if you fail at something, you blame someone or something else for your failure (it could be someone else, but not always). Internal attributions are made when we succeed at something; we sometimes take more credit than we deserve.

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17
Q

Importance of things we are good at

A

if I am bad at something, I’m going to rate it as less important in life. I’m better at badminton, so I will be more inclined to talk about badminton’s importance.

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18
Q

Unrealistic Optimism

A

in general, we overestimate the likelihood of good things happening to us. We underestimate to likelihood that bad things can happen to us.

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19
Q

Better-than-average effect

A

in general, people think they are above average at things.

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20
Q

False consensus effect

A

tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with us.

21
Q

Overconfidence (other self-serving tendencies)

A

in general, people are overconfident. this is especially true when we are talking about something we’re incompetent at.

22
Q

Misremembering (other self-serving tendencies)

A

our memory isn’t as good as we think it is.

23
Q

Justification/Rationalization (other self-serving tendencies)

A

when you screwed up, you use rationalization and justification to reduce dissonance and as defense mechanisms.

24
Q

Group Serving Bias

A

same as self-serving bias, but on a group level.

25
Q

Pros of Self-Serving Bias

A

reduce risk of depression.

26
Q

Cons of Self-Serving Bias

A

can lead to bad decisions for ourselves.

can make it harder to work in groups.

27
Q

self-schema

A

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

28
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s answers to the question, “Who am i?”

29
Q

possible selves

A

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.

30
Q

individualism

A

the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

31
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly.

32
Q

interdependent self

A

contouring one’s identity in relation to others. They also have a greater sense of belonging. Their relationships define who they are.

33
Q

planning fallacy

A

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task. Studies show that people have the greatest difficulty predicting the intensity and the duration of their future emotions.

34
Q

immune neglect

A

the human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the “psychological immune system,” which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

35
Q

spotlight effect

A

the belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they really are.

36
Q

illusion of transparency

A

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

37
Q

impact bias

A

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion0causing events.

38
Q

dual attitudes

A

differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

39
Q

Is it risky to try and read someone’s mind based off of nonverbal behavior and tone of voice?

A

Yes.

40
Q

Can someone’s word choice tell you something about their attitudes?

A

Yes. David Myers seems to think so! He has consistently written that the labels we use to describe something/someone necessarily reflect our beliefs about that person/thing.

41
Q

Microaggressions are…

A

If you use the wrong label and make someone sad or angry at you, you are said to have used a micro aggression.

42
Q

Some authors in WIAW contend that…

A

people’s character, beliefs, and views are hidden from view.

43
Q

Why would people use the labels they do?

A

exposure to information
peer pressure
pleasing the audience
anti political correctness

44
Q

Converse error

A

just because A implies B doesn’t mean that B implies A. Personal views cause in the use of certain labels, but certain labels don’t always reflect individual viewpoints.

45
Q

Spotlight Effect Heading Example

A

Student at Cornell University wore an embarrassing Barry Manlow shirt, and only 23% noticed.

46
Q

Interdependent/independent

A

Interdependent is to independent as collectivism is to individualism.

47
Q

The Inside Story Heading Example

A

Markus asks why Japanese students never ask questions, express opinions or share ideas. Kitayama wonders why American students always interrupt each other, always speak their mind, and cant sit through a lecture to the end without talking. Markus wonders why when she orders food in Japan, the waiter comes to the table with the same meal for every. She also wonders why the labeled “ordinary path” at a Japanese temple is more desired that the less-ordinary temple pathway.

48
Q

The Dark Side Heading Example

A

having inflated self view is called narcissism. Narcissists were likely to explode at people who berated them and love people who praised them. Students with high self-esteem and narcissism were the most aggressive.

49
Q

The link between low self-esteem and antisocial behavior disappeared when…

A

things like sexual abuse and earlier behavioral problems were considered.