Quiz 3 Flashcards
priming
our memory system is a web of associations, and priming is the awakening or activating certain associations.
belief perseverance
persistence of one’s initial conceptions, as wen the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
misinformation effect
when a person’s recall of episodic memory becomes less accurate due to post-event information.
controlled processing (explicit)
“explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
automatic processing (implicit)
“implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to “intuition.”
overconfidence phenomenon
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
heuristic
a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements.
representativeness heuristic (represent typical member)
the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.
availability heuristic
a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.
counterfactual thinking
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
illusory correlation
perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.
illusion of control (uncontrollable as controllable)
perception of uncontrollable events as subjects to one’s control or as more controllable than they are.
regression towards the average
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average.
misattribution
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.
attribution theory
the theory of how people explain others’ behavior - for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations.
dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits.
situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment.
spontaneous trait inference
an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.
self-awareness
a self-conscious state where attention focuses on oneself. it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions.
self-fulfilling prophecy
When our ideas lead us to act in ways that produce their apparent confirmation.
behavioral confirmation (SFP)
a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
