Final Test Lecture Notes Flashcards
Definitional issues with prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.
Prejudice involves affect or emotions.
Discrimination focuses on behavior.
Stereotypes are thoughts, or cognition.
What are prototypical areas for prejudice?
age, tenure track, occupational, religion, socioeconomic class, and politics.
Breadth/Accuracy: When does intergroup prejudice occur?
ntergroup prejudice occurs almost always when people are divided up into groups.
Even trivial groups formed in classrooms and labs, or based on the brand of computers that people use.
Accuracy: 3 statements about stereotypes.
some stereotypes are more accurate than others.
rarely, if ever, does a stereotype pertain to every member of a group.
most stereotypes pertain to the minority of group members.
Possible Causes of Stereotypes: What are the four causes of a prejudiced attitude?
operation/classical conditioning.
your own behavior.
information.
modeling.
what other factors can cause prejudiced attitudes?
self-esteem the media one bad experience outgroup homogeneity stereotype subtyping FAE personality factors
self-fulfilling prophecies
“what you expect is what you get.”
Expecting someone to be hostile can cause them to actually become hostile.
Steps for self-fulfilling prophecies.
1) we hold negative expectations about a person or group
2) we behave in ways that correspond with those expectations
3) group members notice and behave consistent with OUR EXPECTATIONS of them!
How do the steps for self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to prejudice?
After step 3, we say, “Hey - I knew it!”
After that, our perceptions strengthen or grow into prejudice.
stereotype threat
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, stereotype threat situations haveIMMEDIATE/ACCUTE effects.
Possible Remedies for Prejudice
1) education
2) contact hypothesis
3) hypocrisy induction
4) use guilt
Remedy: education
know about the complexity of large groups.
“bias blind spot”
Remedy: Contact hypothesis
1) increase intergroup contact
2) create common goals
Remedy: Hypocrisy induction
make them feel like a hypocrite by using cognitive dissonance
Remedy: Use guilt
remind white people of lynchings/slavery in the U.S.
Special cases of prejudice
microaggressions (small and subtle insult based on your group membership)
LGBTQ - transgender is generally a good term to use; not everyone whose appearance or behavior is gender nonconforming will identify as a transgender person.
Current political climate: fears increasing among immigrants, Muslim-Americans, and other minority groups.
Are actual prejudiced acts increasing?
YESSS. Hate crimes are still happening and MIGHT be increasing.
The Role of Media on Aggression
Statistics: U.S. children watch more TV than other countries and 60-80% of that TV programming contains violence.
Lack of Realism: watching violence causes kids to be more aggressive.
Correlational/Experimental Evidence: watching violence CAUSES an increase in aggressive behavior ON AVERAGE.
Qualifications of Aggressive cause-effect
mainly kids from 5-15 years of age.
more likely CERTAIN kids.
SAME with violent video games and violent music lyrics.
what if a young adult disagrees with the research?
“I’ve watched violent movies and played violent video games and I turned out fine.”
Problems with this reasoning:
1) Self-report issus (misremembering, bias, lying)
2) may not generalize
3) no control group, so no cause-effect conclusion is justified.
How can you reduce aggression?
1) reduce how much violent media kids are exposed to.
2) Educate kids on the lack of realism
3) model nonaggressive behavior
4) reduce the number of available guns (fewer guns=fewer acts using guns)
5) the “weapons effect” - the visible presence of a weapon can cause an aggressive response.
Experiment on aggression.
Procedure: participants were insulted and given a chance to electrically shock the insulter.
IV: in a room with a table, with a table with a visible hand gun on it, and a table with a tennis racquet on it.
DV: number of shocks, how intense, how long.
Results: participants in the “visible gun” condition were more aggressive towards insulter.
Interpretations: we are justified to make a cause-effect conclusion here. Guns CAUSE aggression.
Causes of Attraction and Liking
1) your looks an personality
2) similarity to you
3) proximity to you
4) you liked them first
5) non-sexual arousal: a rise in physiological arousal causes greater liking between 2 people.
Love/marriage
1) Passionate vs. companionate love
2) divorce usually occurs during the cooling period.
3) love-based vs. arranged marriages
