Test 2- S3

Question 1

What decides the shape and function of a protein

Answer 1

The sequence of amino acids that built it

Question 2

What are the functions of proteins

Answer 2

Structure, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

Question 3

What are enzymes

Answer 3

Biological catalysts that are produced in all living cells

Question 4

What is a degradation reaction

Answer 4

A reaction in which one substance is broken down into two or more substances.

Question 5

What is a synthesis Reaction

Answer 5

A reaction in which two or more substances are combined to form one substance.

Question 6

What is the use of enzymes

Answer 6

They increase the speed of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.

Question 7

How could you describe an enzyme

Answer 7

Specific. It only works with one substrate as they have complementary active sites

Question 8

What do enzymes do

Answer 8

They turn substrates into products

Question 9

How are enzymes involved in synthesis reactions and give an example of one.

Answer 9

Enzymes increase the speed of the reaction. An example of a synthesis Reaction is g1pps (glucose-1-phosphate being turned into starch using phosphorylase)

Question 10

How are enzymes involved in degradation reactions and give an example of one.

Answer 10

They increase the speed of the reaction. An example of this is HPCOW (hydrogen peroxide being broken down into oxygen and water using catalase).

Question 11

What is an enzymes optimum temperature or pH

Answer 11

It is the temperature or pH that an enzyme activity is at its highest.

Question 12

What happens if an enzyme is placed in too high a temperature or a pH out of its range.

Answer 12

It becomes denatured and no longer works on its substrate as the shape of the active site changes and it is no longer complementary to the substrate.

Question 13

What is genetic engineering

Answer 13

The artificial transfer of genetic information from one cell to another.

Question 14

Why are bacterial cells often the recipients of genetic engineering.

Answer 14

As they reproduce quickly which means large amounts of substances can be gathered in a short time.

Question 15

What is the first stage of genetic engineering

Answer 15

Identifying the section of DNA that contains the required gene.

Question 16

What is the second stage of genetic engineering

Answer 16

They extract the gene from the chromosome using enzyme ‘scissors’.

Question 17

What is the third stage of genetic engineering

Answer 17

They extract a bacterial plasmid from the target cell and cut a section out suing the enzyme ‘scissors’

Question 18

What is the fourth stage of genetic engineering

Answer 18

They insert the already cut out gene into the plasmid

Question 19

What is the fifth stage of genetic engineering

Answer 19

The plasmid is then returned to its host cell to produce the GMO

Question 20

What is the final stage of genetic engineering

Answer 20

The GMO is placed in ideal condition where it reproduces quickly, this can then be isolated and extracted for use.

Question 21

How are enzymes used in the process of genetic engineering

Answer 21

The enzymes are used as scissors to cut parts out of plasmids and chromosomes.

Question 22

Give an example of a GMO

Answer 22

Human insulin is grown in bacterial cells to quickly reproduce them to treat human diabetes. Other examples include: tomatoes with longer shelf life and birds that are resistant to bird flu.

Question 23

What is respiration

Answer 23

The way that cells break down glucose into energy

Question 24

How could you describe the reaction of respiration

Answer 24

It is enzyme controlled

Question 25

What is the energy released by respiration is used to do what

Answer 25

To generate ATP

Question 26

What can the energy transferred by ATP be used to do.

Answer 26

Cell division, muscle cell contraction, protein synthesis, active transport within cells and nerve impulses.

Question 27

(Stage 1 Respiration)

Where does stage one occur and what does it require

Answer 27

The cytoplasm and it doesn’t require oxygen

Question 28

(Stage 1 Respiration)

What occurs during the first stage

Answer 28

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

Question 29

(Stage 1 Respiration)

What can the energy yielded by this degradation do.

Answer 29

It is used to generate 2 molecules of ATP using 2ADP and 2Pi

Question 30

(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)

Where does this stage occur and what does it need

Answer 30

It occurs in the mitochondria in aerobic conditions and oxygen is present/needed.

Question 31

(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)

When does this stage occur.

Answer 31

It only occurs after stage 1 if oxygen is present. If not, fermentation occurs.

Question 32

(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)

What occurs in this stage

Answer 32

In this stage each pyruvate molecule from stage one is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

Question 33

(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)

What can the energy yielded do

Answer 33

It can produce 36 molecules of ATP from 36ADP and 36Pi

Question 34

(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)

Overall, how many molecule of ATP are produced from stage 1 and 2.

Answer 34

38

Question 35

-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-

What is fermentation.

Answer 35

Fermentation is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.

Question 36

-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-

What is the pyruvate converted into in plant cells

Answer 36

Ethanol and CO2

Question 37

-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-

What is the pyruvate converted into in animal cells

Answer 37

Lactate (lactic acid)

Question 38

-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-

What can these two Reaction be described as

Answer 38

Irreversible

Question 39

-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-

What can the energy produced in these two Reaction be used to do.

Answer 39

Make 2 molecules of ATP from 2ADP and 2Pi.

Question 40

Where does fermentation occur and how effective is it

Answer 40

In the cytoplasm and it is much less effective/ efficient than respiration.