Test 2- S3 Flashcards
What decides the shape and function of a protein
The sequence of amino acids that built it
What are the functions of proteins
Structure, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts that are produced in all living cells
What is a degradation reaction
A reaction in which one substance is broken down into two or more substances.
What is a synthesis Reaction
A reaction in which two or more substances are combined to form one substance.
What is the use of enzymes
They increase the speed of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
How could you describe an enzyme
Specific. It only works with one substrate as they have complementary active sites
What do enzymes do
They turn substrates into products
How are enzymes involved in synthesis reactions and give an example of one.
Enzymes increase the speed of the reaction. An example of a synthesis Reaction is g1pps (glucose-1-phosphate being turned into starch using phosphorylase)
How are enzymes involved in degradation reactions and give an example of one.
They increase the speed of the reaction. An example of this is HPCOW (hydrogen peroxide being broken down into oxygen and water using catalase).
What is an enzymes optimum temperature or pH
It is the temperature or pH that an enzyme activity is at its highest.
What happens if an enzyme is placed in too high a temperature or a pH out of its range.
It becomes denatured and no longer works on its substrate as the shape of the active site changes and it is no longer complementary to the substrate.
What is genetic engineering
The artificial transfer of genetic information from one cell to another.
Why are bacterial cells often the recipients of genetic engineering.
As they reproduce quickly which means large amounts of substances can be gathered in a short time.
What is the first stage of genetic engineering
Identifying the section of DNA that contains the required gene.
What is the second stage of genetic engineering
They extract the gene from the chromosome using enzyme ‘scissors’.
What is the third stage of genetic engineering
They extract a bacterial plasmid from the target cell and cut a section out suing the enzyme ‘scissors’
What is the fourth stage of genetic engineering
They insert the already cut out gene into the plasmid
What is the fifth stage of genetic engineering
The plasmid is then returned to its host cell to produce the GMO
What is the final stage of genetic engineering
The GMO is placed in ideal condition where it reproduces quickly, this can then be isolated and extracted for use.
How are enzymes used in the process of genetic engineering
The enzymes are used as scissors to cut parts out of plasmids and chromosomes.
Give an example of a GMO
Human insulin is grown in bacterial cells to quickly reproduce them to treat human diabetes. Other examples include: tomatoes with longer shelf life and birds that are resistant to bird flu.
What is respiration
The way that cells break down glucose into energy
How could you describe the reaction of respiration
It is enzyme controlled
What is the energy released by respiration is used to do what
To generate ATP
What can the energy transferred by ATP be used to do.
Cell division, muscle cell contraction, protein synthesis, active transport within cells and nerve impulses.
(Stage 1 Respiration)
Where does stage one occur and what does it require
The cytoplasm and it doesn’t require oxygen
(Stage 1 Respiration)
What occurs during the first stage
A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.
(Stage 1 Respiration)
What can the energy yielded by this degradation do.
It is used to generate 2 molecules of ATP using 2ADP and 2Pi
(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)
Where does this stage occur and what does it need
It occurs in the mitochondria in aerobic conditions and oxygen is present/needed.
(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)
When does this stage occur.
It only occurs after stage 1 if oxygen is present. If not, fermentation occurs.
(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)
What occurs in this stage
In this stage each pyruvate molecule from stage one is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)
What can the energy yielded do
It can produce 36 molecules of ATP from 36ADP and 36Pi
(Stage 2 Aerobic Respiration)
Overall, how many molecule of ATP are produced from stage 1 and 2.
38
-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-
What is fermentation.
Fermentation is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-
What is the pyruvate converted into in plant cells
Ethanol and CO2
-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-
What is the pyruvate converted into in animal cells
Lactate (lactic acid)
-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-
What can these two Reaction be described as
Irreversible
-Fermentation(Stage 2 if no oxygen)-
What can the energy produced in these two Reaction be used to do.
Make 2 molecules of ATP from 2ADP and 2Pi.
Where does fermentation occur and how effective is it
In the cytoplasm and it is much less effective/ efficient than respiration.
