Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > National 5 Course > Flashcards

National 5 Course Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell

A

A repeating unit of material that makes up an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an organelle

A

The internal structures within a cell that carry out specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of a cell wall and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It supports, protects and maintains the shape of a cell

P + F + B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration within the cell

P+ F + A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane and in what types of cell is it found?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials from a cell

P + F + B + A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It is the site of photosynthesis within a plant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of a sap vacuole and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It stores the cells water and nutrients

P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of a nucleus and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It’s controls the cells activities and stores genetic information

P + F + A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It is the site of protein synthesis within the cell

P + F + B + A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of a plasmid and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It stores genetic information in bacterial cells only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm and in what types of cell is it found?

A

It is the site of all biochemical reaction within the cell

P + F + B + A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a plant cell wall made of

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure of a cell membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer

A

A double layer of phospholipids with protein placed randomly throughout, creating gaps for substances to pass in or out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can cell membranes be described as

A

Selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does selectively permeable mean

A

If a substance or membrane is selectively permeable, it only allows some substances to enter or exit the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What damages cell membranes and why

A

High temperatures as the proteins within the bilayer alter in shape, creating unnatural gaps in the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is passive transport

A

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient, across a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of high to low concentration - requiring no energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two examples of passive transport

A

+ osmosis

+ diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of high to low concentration - requiring no energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What effect does osmosis have on a plant cell

A

They either become plasmolysed or turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes a plant cell to become turgid

A

When water travels into the cell from outside, causing it to swell and push the cell membrane out until it touches the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes a plant cell to become plasmolysed

A

When water exits the cell down a concentration gradient, causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to an animal cell during osmosis

A

They either shrink or burst as they have no cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient from an area of low to high concentration. This requires energy in the form of ATP, meaning cells which undergo active transport have a high number of mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is DNA

A

A molecule found in the nucleus of all living organisms (except bacteria), that stores their genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is DNA kept in a bacterial cell

A

In a ring like structure called a plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the structure of DNA described as

A

A double stranded helix that consists of two sugar-phosphate backbones that curve around each other, held together by complementary base pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are DNA molecules contained in

A

Structures known as chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the four base pairs

A

+Adenine
+Thymine
+Guanine
+Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the pairing of the bases in a DNA strand

A

Adenine and Thymine

Guanine and Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the base pairings used to create and where does this process happen

A

The bases are used to synthesis proteins in the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does the base sequence determine the protein

A

A molecule of mRNA enters the cell and replicates a complementary copy of the base sequence of the DNA (as the DNA is too large to leave the nucleus). It then takes this copy to the ribosomes where the base sequence codes for a sequence of amino acids (3 bases= 1 amino acid) which join together to form a polypeptide chain. The way this chain folds then decides the type and function of protein that is formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are five different types of protein

A 
\+ enzymes 
\+ hormones 
\+ antibodies
\+ structural 
\+ receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst which is produced in all living cell which increases the rate of a biochemical reaction without being used up in the process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical messenger that is transported in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an antibody

A

A protein which provides defence against viruses and diseases by binding to them, allowing white blood cells to destroy them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a structural protein

A

One which provides strength and support for cell structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a receptor

A

A substance that allow cells to recognise specific chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the name of a substance that an enzymes reacts with

A

A substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the relationship between an enzyme and it’s substrate

A

They are complementary in shape, meaning that they bind together perfectly to form a singular product. For this reason, they are described as specific to one another as they are only complementary in shape to one particular substrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the area where an enzyme binds with its substrate known as

A

It’s active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the two main types of enzyme reaction

A
  • Synthesis

- degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is a synthesis reaction + example

A

When two or more substrates combine with an enzyme to form a singular product

E.g. G-1-P —phosphorylase—> starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a degradation reaction + example

A

When one substrate is broken down into two or more products

e.g. HPCOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is an enzyme’s optimism pH or temperature

A

The range of values at which the enzyme activity is at its highest ( fastest rate of reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What will occur when an enzyme is put in a temperature or pH that is either too high or outside of its range

A

It will become denatured, meaning it will drastically change in shape. This means that it will no longer be complementary to its substrate and can no longer react.

This is IRREVERSIBLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

The artificial transfer of genetic information between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are some uses of genetic engineering

A

To improve the genes of a particular species, increasing their chances of survival or improving an aspect of their life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In what cell does genetic engineering usually occur

A

A bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the sequence of genetic engineering

A

1: the require chromosome is extracted from its cell
2: the required gene is cut out of the chromosome using enzyme ‘scissors’
3: a plasmid is extracted from its host bacterial cell
4: a gene-sized section is cut out using enzyme ‘ scissors’
5: the required gene is placed in the plasmid and returned to the host bacterial cell and is produced and harvested in ideal conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is an example of a use of genetic engineering

A

The production of human insulin to treat patients of type 1 diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is respiration

A

The process by which cells produce energy, by breaking down glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is respiration controlled by

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the word equation of respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy (in the form of ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is ATP formed from

A

ADP + Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is ATP used for within the body

A

+ muscle cell contraction
+ cell division
+ active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What occurs when oxygen is present during respiration

A

Aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What occurs when oxygen isn’t present during respiration

A

Fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of respiration

A

+ glucose is broken down into 2 molecules
+ 2 molecules of ATP are produced from 2 ADP + 2Pi
+ occurs in the cytoplasm
+ does not require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of (aerobic) respiration

A

+ 2 molecules of pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water
+ 36 molecules of ATP are formed from 36ADP + 36Pi
+ occurs in the mitochondria
+ requires oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

During fermentation, what occurs after stage 1

A

+Pyruvate is broken down into lactate in animals
+pyruvate is broken down into ethanol and CO2 in plants
+ 2 molecules of ATP are produced from 2ADP + 2Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the purpose of cell division

A

It allows them to produce new cells, in order to:
+ grow new cells
+ repair old cells
+ asexually reproduce (only unicellular organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the chromosome complement

A

When a daughter cell has the exact same genetic information in its nucleus as the original mother cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the process by which animals make new body cells

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

1: the chromosomes duplicate and bind with one another to form a chromatid, he,d together by a centromere
2: the nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing spindle fibres to enter the nucleus from opposite poles. While they do this the chromatids line up on the equator of the cell
3: the spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart, back into chromosomes, and take them to opposite poles of the cell
4: two nuclear membrane form, trapping each set of chromosomes at opposite poles
5: finally, the cytoplasm divides creating two new cells with identical genetic information, meaning the chromosome complement is maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

One which contains two sets of chromosomes, with a tootles of 46. All somatic (non-sex) body cells are diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

One which contains only one set of chromosomes, with a total of 23. These are gametes (sex cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is a stem cell

A

An unspecialised cell, meaning it has not yet adapted to carry out a certain function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the uses of stem cells

A

+ repair, damage and growth

+ specialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the two types of stem cells

A
  • embryonic

- tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Completely undeveloped cells from an embryo that can develop and specialise into any cell in your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are tissue stem cells

A

Ones which come from animal tissue and can only specialise into cells which are of the same family as them. E.g. a blood tissue stem cell only has the ability to divide into other blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell

A

+ bi-concave shape

+ no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is the purpose of these adaptations to a red blood cell

A

+The bi-concave shape increases the cells goal surface area, allowing it to carry more haemoglobin which in turn carries and increased amount of oxygen

+ the lack of nucleus allows for more haemoglobin to be stored too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the organisation of: organs, tissues, organisms, cells and organ systems.

A

Cell —> tissue—> organ —> organ system —> organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the CNS and what does it comprise of

A

CNS= Central Nervous System

It comprises of the brain, nerves and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the purpose of the CNS

A

It processes information from the five sense and coordinates a bodily response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is a neuron

A

A specialised nerve cell which carries electrical nerve impulses along the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are the three main types of neuron

A

+ sensory
+ inter
+ motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the purpose of the sensory neuron

A

The sensory neuron receives impulses from receptors, such as the eyes or ears, and carries them to the inter neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the purpose of the inter neuron

A

The inter neuron configures and transmits impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.

Inter neuron = CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the purpose of the motor neuron

A

The motor neuron carries chemical impulses from the inter neuron to effectors, such as muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

A smaller scale example of the flow of information. It takes the same form as that of a regular FOI, however instead of travelling to the brain (inter), the impulses only travel to the spinal cord - increasing the reaction time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex arc

A

To provide a instant reflex to an output that may endanger the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is the gap between two neurons called

A

A synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

How do impulses transmit over a synapse

A

As they reach the near edge of a synapse, they release a gas which diffuse across the gap and triggers an effector on the other side of the synapse. This results in the same impulse being carried.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What are the two animal gametes

A

+ sperm. MALE

+ egg (ova). FEMALE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Are gametes diploid or haploid

A

Haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Where are animal gametes produced

A

+ sperm are produced in the testes

+ eggs are produced in the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are the plant gametes

A

+ pollen. MALE

+ ovule/ egg. FEMALE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusing of the nuclei of two opposing sex gametes. This occurs as they both require another set of chromosomes, due to the fact that their are haploid. As the nuclei fuse, they create a diploid zygote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in an animal

A

In the females oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What are the four main parts of the brain

A

+ cerebrum
+ cerebellum
+ medulla
+ endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum and where is it located

A

Function: controls conscious though and memory

Found in the top section of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum and where is it located

A

Function: controls balance and movement

Found at the bottom right of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What is the function of the medulla and where is it located

A

Function: controls heart and breathing rate

Found in the central bottom area of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What is the function of the endocrine gland and where is it located

A

Function: releases hormones into the bloodstream

Found in the boot, left section of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical messenger that travel sont he bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

In what way are hormones alike to enzymes

A

They are complementary in shape and therefore specific to their substrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

If your blood sugar is too HIGH what pigment does your pancreas release

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

If your blood sugar is too LOW what pigment do your pancreas release

A

Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

If your blood sugar is too HIGH what does your livery convert

A

GLUCOSE into GLYCOGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

If your blood sugar is too LOW what does your liver convert

A

GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What effect does type 1 diabetes have

A

Your body does not produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What effect does type 2 diabetes have

A

The body becomes resistant to insulin

108
Q

What is variation

A

The difference in appearance or any other phenotype between individuals of the same species

109
Q

What are the two main types of variation

A

+ discrete

+ continuous

110
Q

What is discrete variation

A

When a characteristic can be categorised into a finite number of groups

e.g. blood type

111
Q

What is continuous variation

A

When a characteristic can give na infinite number of different values

e.g. height or weight

112
Q

What is a gene

A

A singular section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic

113
Q

What is the term used to describe a characteristic that is coded for by more than one gene

A

Polygenic

114
Q

Is a polygenic characteristic and example,of discrete or continuous variation

A

Continuous

115
Q

What is an organisms phenotype

A

It’s observable characteristic (exterior qualities)

These tend to be polygenic

116
Q

What is an organisms genotype

A

The genetic information/ coding that decides the organisms phenotype

117
Q

What is an allele

A

Separate forms of the same gene

118
Q

What are the two types of allele

A

+ dominant

+ recessive

119
Q

What is the dominant allele

A

The allele which displays its effects through the phenotype ( the allele that actually affects the organisms appearance)

120
Q

What is the recessive allele

A

The allele which does not display its effects as they are masked by the dominant allele. This allele skips generations.

121
Q

Does the dominant allele take a capital or lower case letter

A

Capital

122
Q

Does the recessive allele take a capital or lower case letter

A

Lower case

123
Q

What is an organism which consists of only the same alleles known as

A

Homozygous

124
Q

What is an organism which contains two different alleles known as

A

Heterozygous

125
Q

What is the predicted ratio of the F2 genotype

A

3 dominant:1 recessive

126
Q

In a leaf cell, where is the stomata located

A

In the middle of the lower epidermis

127
Q

What cells control the opening and closing of the stomata

A

Guard cells

128
Q

What is the xylem and what is it composed of

A

The xylem is a cylindrical tissue that stems from the root of a plant, carrying water and nutrients up the stem and into the leaves

  • composed of dead cells
  • contains spirals of lignin which provide structural support
129
Q

How does the water from the soil enter the xylem.

A

The water enters the root hair cells of the plant via osmosis, where it is then transported to the bottom of the xylem

130
Q

What is the phloem and what is it composed of

A

The phloem is a cylindrical tube which carries sugars from the leaves to where they are required in the rest of the plant.

  • composed of living cells
  • contains porous sieves which prevent other substances from entering the rest of the plant, these sieves are controlled by neighbouring companion cells
131
Q

What is the name of the process by which water is transported from the soil into the air, via the plant

A

Transpiration

132
Q

What occurs during transpiration

A

1: water from the surrounding soil enters the root hair cells via osmosis
2: the water then enters the xylem and travels upward through the stem via active transport/ capillary action
3: the water then reaches the leaf and the spongy mesophyll, where it evaporates into the air by exiting through the stomata

133
Q

What are the factors which affect the rate of transpiration

A
  • wind speed
  • humidity
  • temperature
  • surface area
134
Q

What are the three cells that blood is made up of

A

+ red blood cells
+ white blood cells
+ plasma

135
Q

What is the purpose of a red blood cell

A

Transport oxygen around the body via the blood stream.

136
Q

What is the pigment that absorbs oxygen, found in a red blood cell + what is formed when it absorbs oxygen

A

Haemoglobin is the pigment and it forms oxyhemoglobin when it binds with the oxygen

137
Q

How does oxygen enter the blood

A

Via diffusion as it diffuses from the lungs into the bloodstream

138
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell

A

+ phagocytes

+ lymphocytes

139
Q

How does a phagocyte destroy pathogens

A

They engulf and digest them, breaking them down into harmless molecules (phagocytosis)

140
Q

How does a lymphocyte destroy pathogens

A

It produces antibodies which destroy their specific pathogen ( complementary in shape) by binding in to them and destroying it.

141
Q

What is the name of the system by which blood is transported around the body

A

Circulatory

142
Q

What is the circulatory system composed of

A

+ the heart
+ veins
+ Arteries

143
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the heart

A

Vena cava —>right atrium—>right ventricle—>pulmonary artery—>pulmonary vein—>left atrium—>left ventricle—>aorta

144
Q

Where does the blood go as it exits the heart through the pulmonary artery

A

The lungs to be oxygenated

145
Q

What part of the heart contains the deoxygenated blood

A

Right atrium + ventricle

146
Q

What is the name of the hearts private supply of blood

A

The coronary arteries and veins

147
Q

What is the purpose of the heart

A

To pump blood around the body

148
Q

What are the three main type of blood vessel

A

+ veins
+ arteries
+ capillaries

149
Q

Describe a vein and it’s function

A

Function: carries blood from around the body TO the heart

  • thin walls (contains low pressure blood)
  • wide central channel (reduces friction)
  • contains valves (pump back and forward to prevent the blood from back flowing/washing)
150
Q

Describe an artery and it’s function

A

Function: carries blood FROM the heart to the rest of the body

  • thick walls (contain high pressure blood)
  • thin central channel (increases friction)
  • elastic (allows the vessel to expand and contract as the organism breaths)
151
Q

Describe a capillary and it’s function

A

Function: exchange vessels that allow materials to diffuse between the blood and tissue

  • thin walls (easy diffusion)
  • many cells situated next to each others (increases surface, increasing rate of diffusion)
152
Q

What is the large tube at the top of the lungs known as

A

The trachea

153
Q

What are the two smaller cylinders that stem from the trachea known as

A

Bronchi

154
Q

What are the many twig like branches that stem from the bronchi known as

A

Bronchioles

155
Q

What are the small air sacs on the end of the bronchioles known as

A

Alveoli

156
Q

What are the alveoli surrounded by that aids them in their functions

A

Function: they are the site of gas exchange in the lungs

Surrounded by a network of capillaries which allow easy diffusion

157
Q

What happens as the gases diffuse in the alveoli

A

1: deoxygenated blood travels into the lungs via the capillaries
2: the oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries, via diffusion, down a concentration grading
3: the carbon dioxide in the alveoli from the blood, via diffusion, down a concentration gradient
4: the carbon dioxide is then exhaled out of the lungs as a waste product

158
Q

What is a villus

A

A small hair-like substance that lines the small intestine, absorbing nutrients and fat.

159
Q

What are villi composed of

A

+ capillaries

+ a lacteal

160
Q

What does the lacteal absorb

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

161
Q

What do the capillaries absorb

A

Glucose and amino acids

162
Q

Why does the structure of a villi allow for efficient nutrient absorption

A

+ thin walls
+ large amount of blood capillaries
+ many cells, creating a large surface area

163
Q

What is the biodiversity of a region

A

The total variety of living organisms in a singular area

164
Q

What are producers

A

Organisms which produce their own energy/food (usually plants)

165
Q

What are consumers

A

Organism which obtain food or energy by consuming producers or other consumers

166
Q

What is a herbivore

A

An organism which only eats plant material

167
Q

What is a carnivore

A

An organism which only eats meat/ animal material

168
Q

What is an omnivore

A

An organism which eats both plants and animals

169
Q

What is a predator

A

An organism which hunts, kills and feeds on another organism

170
Q

What is a prey

A

An organism which is hunted, killed and eaten by another organism

171
Q

What is a habitat

A

The area in which an organism lives

172
Q

What is a population

A

The total number of members of a singular species within a habitat

173
Q

What is a community

A

The total number of living organisms within a habitat

174
Q

What is a species

A

Organisms which can interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring

175
Q

What is a food chain

A

A diagram showing the linear feeding relationships between organisms

176
Q

What is a food web

A

A group of interconnected food chains

177
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

A physical habitat and all the living organisms within, as well as how they interact with one another

178
Q

What is the term used to describe an organisms role within an ecosystem

A

It’s niche

179
Q

What is competition

A

Conflict between organisms whom require the same, finite resources.

180
Q

What are the two main types of competition

A
  • interspecific

- intraspecific

181
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

Competition between organisms of different species

182
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

Competition between organisms of the same species

183
Q

What are the two types of factor that affect the life of an organism

A

+ biotic

+ abiotic

184
Q

What is a biotic factor + example

A

A factor which is linked to interactions with other living organism(a living factor)

e.g. predation, disease, grazing…

185
Q

What is an abiotic factor + example

A

A factor which is non-living and associated with the surrounding environment

e.g. temperature, light intensity…

186
Q 
What is... measured with:
A= temperature 
B= pH of soil
C= light intensity 
D= soil moisture
A 
A= thermometer/temperature probe
B= pH meter/universal indicator
C= light meter
D= moisture meter
187
Q

What are two sampling techniques used to sample living organism

A

+ pitfall traps

+ quadrats

188
Q

What is a pitfall trap

A

A small hole in the ground that is lined with a container, with alcohol at the bottom. Small invertebrates crawl in and become sedated by the alcohol, allowing them to be recorded and inspected. There is a small, elevated roof overhead with a gap large enough for the organisms to crawl in.

189
Q

What is a quadrat

A

A square, teal grid that is random,y thrown on a sampling area, in order to count the total number of organisms in that area. The number of organisms in a singular square is counted and multiplied by the total number of squares to gain a representative average.

190
Q

What could be a source of error when setting up a quadrat

A

They quadrat is not thrown randomly or enough times

191
Q

What could be a source of error when setting up a pitfall trap

A

+ no roof is placed, allowing other organisms to eat the sedated invertebrates

+ no alcohol, allowing the invertebrates to crawl back out.

192
Q

Hold up…

A

Let me get it started BB with tha robbins lookin all RETARDED

193
Q

What is an indicator species

A

A species of organism which indicates the environmental quality of an area through its presence/absence.

194
Q

What is the general word equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —light and chlorophyll-> glucose + oxygen

195
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process employed by green plants to produce their own energy source. This ability to produce their own food means they are classified as producers

196
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

The pigment found in the chloroplasts of a plant cell in which absorbs the light energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy.

197
Q

What is the name of the food produced by photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates (contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)

198
Q

What is the name of the first stage of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

199
Q

What occurs during stage 1

A

+ Light energy from the sun is trapped by the chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy
+ This chemical energy is then used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen
+ some of the chemical energy is used to produced ATP from ADP + Pi
+ The ATP and hydrogen are carried onto the next stage and the oxygen is expelled from the cell as a waste product.

200
Q

What is the name of the second stage of photosynthesis

A

Carbon fixation

201
Q

What occurs during stage 2

A

+ the hydrogen and ATP from the first stage are combined with carbon dioxide from the air to produce glucose/sugar

202
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell

A

In the chloroplasts

203
Q

What is photosynthesis controlled by

A

Enzymes

204
Q

What are the factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

+ availability/concentration of carbon dioxide
+ level/amount of light intensity
+ temperature

205
Q

What are some uses of the glucose produced by photosynthesis

A

+ stored as starch

+ used in respiration

206
Q

How can you measure the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • rate of carbon dioxide uptake

- rate of oxygen production

207
Q

What do the arrows represent in a food chain/web

A

The direction of energy transfer

e.g. mouse —> eagle

208
Q

What is the first organism in a food chain usually

A

A producer

209
Q

What happens to the amount of energy passed on from organism to organism at each stage

A

It decreases as the organism loses energy at each stage as it expends most of the energy before being consumed

Only around 10% of the organism energy is passed on to its predator

210
Q

What are some outputs of energy loss

A

+ movement
+ growth of organism
+ heat production
+ breaking down undigested materials

211
Q

What is a decomposer

A

An organism (usually bacteria or fungi) which decomposes waste products and undigested materials to produce energy.

212
Q

What is the name of each level of a pyramid of numbers or energy

A

A tertiary level

213
Q

What is the length of each bar proportional to in a pyramid

A

The number of organisms or the amount of energy

214
Q

What is a fertiliser

A

A substance that contains increased levels of nitrates, which is added to soil to increase the nutrient levels of crops and increase their total rate of growth and annual yield.

215
Q

Why does nitrogen increase plant growth

A

As it is essential to the production of amino acids, meaning by increasing nitrate levels, the protein production rate increase.

216
Q

What is a disadvantage of fertilisers

A

They often run off the fields and into a early water source causing leaching

217
Q

What happens during leaching

A

1: fertilisers run into the water,source and increase nutrient levels, increasing algae bloom
2: this means that algae covers the surface of the water, preventing light energy from reaching the underwater plants.
3: this means they cannot photosynthesise and produce oxygen
4: this results in the marine life such as fish dying as they have no oxygen to consume and respirate with

218
Q

What is a pesticide

A

A substance which ca; be sprayed onto plants to decrease their competition by killing weeds and predators.

219
Q 
What do...target
A: pesticides 
B: herbicides
C: insecticides 
D: fungicides
A

A: animals
B: weeds
C: insects
D: fungi

220
Q

What is a disadvantage of using pesticides

A

They do not decompose and therefore build up in organism as they consume other organism which have consumed the pesticide. This is called bioaccumulation and results in the death of the highest consumers apps they have consumed the most animals, and the pesticide become toxic.

221
Q

What is an example of bioaccumulation

A

DDT, which killed many heron

222
Q

What is a GM crop

A

A genetically modified crop which can replace fertilisers and pesticides as: they are biodegradable, can be modified to be repulsive to predators and have the ability to grown in all weathers

223
Q

What is a biological control

A

An organism which is introduced to an ecosystem to reduce the number of a pest organism (a natural predator).

e.g. ladybirds are introduced to ecosystems to decrease the greenfly population.

224
Q

What is a mutation

A

A random change to the genetic material of an organism, forming new alleles in the genotype. This occurs during mitosis and takes place in the DNA

225
Q

What are mutagenic agents + examples

A

Mutagenic agents are factors which increase the rate of mutation

e.g. exposure to radiation, chemical exposure…

226
Q

Mutations are either:

A
  • advantageous
  • neutral
  • disadvantageous
227
Q

What is an advantageous mutation

A

An advantageous mutation gives the organism an advantage by improving their phenotype to best suit their habitat. When this occurs, the organism has an increased chance of surviving sudden changes in the environment and going on to reproduce, passing on the advantageous mutation.

228
Q

What is a neutral mutation

A

One which has no effect on the organism

229
Q

What is a disadvantageous mutation

A

One which gives the organism a disadvantage in their phenotype, increasing their chances of detach ad decreasing their chances of reproduction .

e.g. sickle cell mutation producing abnormal haemoglobin, meaning the body cannot carry enough oxygen in the blood to support itself

230
Q

What does variation and mutation result in

A

Some organism being better adapted to their environment, resulting in an increased chance of reproduction

231
Q

What is an environmental selection pressure

A

Factors which make some individuals better at surviving through sudden changes in the environment. Individuals which have the advantageous mutation which allows them to do this are described as the ‘fittest’ as in survival of the fittest.

232
Q

How are new species formed

A

1: a population of a singular species is split up by an isolation barrier (mountains, rivers…), resulting in two independent sub-populations.
2: over time these two sub-populations mutate and natural selection occur smearing that only organism switch the new advantageous phenotype survive.
3: when returned to each other p, the two sub-populations are so different that they cannot interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring, meaning two new species have been made.

233
Q

What is an isolation barrier

A

An isolation barrier is a natural factor which sourate a population

234
Q

An isolation barrier can be:

A

+ geographical (mountains,rivers,desert…)
+ behavioural (feeding patterns, different niches…)
+ ecological (temperature, humidity…)

235
Q

What is the name of the process of making a new species

A

Speciation

236
Q

Where does fermentation occur

A

In the cytoplasm

237
Q

What is the reliability of an experiment

A

How reliable the results are

Can be increased through repeats or exterior input

238
Q

What is the validity of an experiment

A

If the experiment has been carried out fairly

Increases with accuracy of measurements and results

239
Q

How are root hair cells suited to osmosis

A

They have a large surface area

240
Q

What are the products of fermentation in plant cells

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

241
Q

What is the product of fermentation in animals cells

A

Lactate (lactic acid)

242
Q

What is the name of the stalactite-like structure in a leaf structure

A

The palisade mesophyll

243
Q

What is the name of the stalagmite-like structure in a leaf structure

A

Spongy mesophyll

244
Q

What does chlorophyll do with light energy

A

ABSORB IT and convert it into chemical energy

245
Q

What is the name given to an increase of algae

A

Algal bloom

246
Q

What is the name of the valve on the left of a diagram of the heart

A

The vena cava

247
Q

What is the name of the valve going from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

The pulmonary ARTERY

248
Q

What is the name of the valve that returns blood to the left atrium from the lungs

A

The pulmonary VEIN

249
Q

What is the name of the valve through which blood exits the heart

A

The aorta

250
Q

COMMON MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: Why is there the least energy at the highest level of a food pyramid

A

As energy is lost at each level

251
Q

What is the name of the organelle that produces stem cells in plants

A

Meristems

252
Q

Is the phloem lignifies

A

No (only the xylem contains lignin)

253
Q

What is the equation for the full regeneration of ATP

A

ADP + Pi + energy —> ATP

254
Q

What is the name of a pyramid which shows the number of organisms at each level

A

A pyramid of numbers

255
Q

What genes can an organism pass on through reproduction

A

Only the ones it possesses

256
Q

What causes variation in a population

A

Mutation

257
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made in:

A: The first stage of aerobic respiration
B: the second stage of aerobic respiration
C: Aerobic respiration as a whole
D: fermentation

A

A: 2
B: 36
C: 38
D: 2

258
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur

A

In the mitochondria

259
Q

What is the name of the top and bottom, thin layers of a leaf plant

A

The upper and lower epidermis

260
Q

How do stem cells renew or grow

A

Through cell division

261
Q

What do hormones bind to

A

Receptors

262
Q

Which leaf cell organelle contains chloroplasts

A

The palisade mesophyll

263
Q

Where does stage 1 of respiration occur

A

In the cytoplasm

264
Q

What is the only source of new alleles in an ecosystem

A

Mutation

265
Q

CONGRATULATIONS CALLUM!

A

YOUR’E DONE!!!

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions