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Biology > S4 Topic Tests 1 > Flashcards

S4 Topic Tests 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process by which new cells are made

A

Cell division

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2
Q

What are some uses of cell division

A

. Growth of multicellular organisms
. Repair of multicellular organisms
. Asexual reproduction of unicellular organisms

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3
Q

What is stage 1 of mitosis

A

The chromosomes begin to coil up and condense

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4
Q

What is stage 2 of mitosis

A

The chromosomes now appear as chromatids held together in the middle by a centromere

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5
Q

What is stage 3 of mitosis

A

The nucleus membrane breaks down a dm the chromosomes now line up on the equator of the cell

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6
Q

What is stage 4 of mitosis

A

Spindle fibres form and separate the chromosomes into chromatids and drag them to opposite poles of the cell

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7
Q

What is stage 5 of mitosis

A

The nucleus membrane now reforms around each daughter cell as well as the separated cell wall

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8
Q

What is the chromosome complement

A

Chromosome complement is when no chromosomes are lost meaning no genetic information is lost. Mitosis maintains the chromosome complement

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9
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell with two sets of genetic information

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10
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

A cell with one set of genetic information

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11
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that can turn into any cell in the body

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12
Q

What are the two reasons stem cells divide

A

Self renewal

Reproduction

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13
Q

What are the two types of stem cell

A

Embryonic

Tissue

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14
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Ones which can produce all the cells in your body regardless of what type they already are

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15
Q

What are tissue stem cells

A

Ones which can only make cells that are similar to themselves. E.g. blood stem cells can only make other cells that are in blood

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16
Q

What are some ethical issues with stem cells

A

Destroys embryos which are a potential for life

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17
Q

What are the details of a red blood cell

A

Bi-concave shape
Increased surface area- more space for oxygen
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen
No nucleus- more space for oxygen

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18
Q

What are the details of a root hair cell

A

Large surface area to allow more water and nutrients to be absorbed

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19
Q

What is the order of organisation in a body’s

A

Cell-> tissue->organ-> organ system- organism

Tissues are groups of cells
Organs are groups of tissues
Organ systems are groups of organs
Organisms are groups of organ systems

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system

A

To respond to changes very quickly

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21
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

CNS

Other nerves

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22
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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23
Q

What are nerouns

A

Specialised nerves which carry information through electrical impulses

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24
Q

What is a gap in between two neutrons called

A

A synapse

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25
Q

What are the three main types of neutron

A

Sensory
Inter
Motor

26
Q

What does the (1) sensory

                          (2) inter
                          (3) motor neurone do
A

(1) carries impulses from receptors to the CNS
(2) transmits electrical impulses to motor neuron
(3) carries impulses from CNS to effectors

27
Q

How do impulses travel across synapses

A

Through diffusion which triggers the impulse to start again on the other side

28
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum and where is it located

A

Controls memory, personality and conscious thought and is located in the top of the Brian

29
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum and where is it located

A

Controls balance and coordination and is located in the bottom right of the brain

30
Q

What is the function of the medulla and where is it located

A

Controls heart and breathing rate and is located at the bottom of the brain

31
Q

REVISE REFLEX ARC DIAGRAM

A

NOW

32
Q

Functions of a reflex arc

A

Protect the body from harm

33
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messenger in the bloodstream

34
Q

Revise hormone diagram

A

Now

35
Q

Revise blood glucose diagram

A

Now

36
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

No insulin produced therefor edit must be injected

37
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Cells don’t respond to insulin therefore diet must be controlled and exercise often

38
Q

What are body cells

A

Diploid apart from the sex cells

39
Q

What do animal males produce as their gamete

A

Sperm cells

40
Q

What do animal females produce as their gametes

A

Egg cells or ova

41
Q

What are the details of a sperm cell

A

23 chromosome
Around 0.06 millimetres long
Has a long tail for movement and a neck full of mitochondria to produce energy for movement
Head containing nucleus

42
Q

What are the details of an egg cell

A

23 chromosome
Around 0.1 millimetres wife
Has a cell membrane and nucleus as well as a jelly layer to only allow one sperm in

43
Q

Where are egg cells and sperm cells produced

A

Ovaries and testes

44
Q

Revise diagram of female and male reproductive organs

A

Now

45
Q

What is the male gamete in plant cells

A

Pollen grains

46
Q

What is the female gamete in plant cells

A

Ovule

47
Q

Where are pollen and ovule cells produced on plants

A

Anther and ovary

48
Q

What happens during fertilisation

A

The two nuclei of the haploid gametes fuse to form a zygote

49
Q

What is variation

A

Differences between member so free same species

50
Q

What are the two types of variation

A

Continuous and discrete

51
Q

What is continuous variation

A

A characteristic that can give an unlimited number of answers
Such as height

Represented by a histogram

52
Q

What is discrete variation

A

A characteristic that falls into certain categories for instance blood type

Represented by a bar chart

53
Q

What is a phenotype

A

What an organism actually looks like

54
Q

What is a genotype

A

The allele sequence of an organism

55
Q

What is an allele

A

Different variants of a gene

56
Q

What is fertilisation

A

A random process

57
Q

Do some inheritance problems

A

Now

58
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

The allele that appears most often

59
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

One that skips out generations

60
Q

If a phenotype is dominant it has a … letter

A

Capital

61
Q

If a phenotype I recessive it has a … letter

A

Lower case

62
Q

The predicted ratio of an f2 generation is

A

3:1

Biology (9 decks)

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