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Biology > Higher Unit 3 > Flashcards

Higher Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is food security?

A

The ability for the human population to access and use food stores

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2
Q

What is food sustainability?

A

The degree to which food security can be guaranteed

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3
Q

What are the 4 factors that determine food security?

A

+ availability
+ accessibility
+ usage
+ sustainability

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4
Q

What is each rank of a food chain known as

A

A trophic level

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5
Q

State the order of a food chain

A

Producers —> primary consumer —> secondary consumer —> tertiary consumer

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6
Q

How much energy is lost between tropics levels

A

90%

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7
Q

How is energy lost between trophies levels

A

+ heat from respiration
+ heat from undigested material
+ waste products

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8
Q

What is intensive farming

A

The act of maximising the efficiency of a small plot of land

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9
Q

What are the three aspects of intensive farming

A

+ pesticides
+ fertilisers
+ cultivars

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10
Q

What are pesticides

A

Chemical substances that reduce plant competition by killing pests and disease - promoting growth

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11
Q

What are fertilisers

A

Chemical substances that provide plants with increased nutrients - promoting growth

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12
Q

What are cultivars

A

Plant crops that have been bred to produce high yields with increased growth rates

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13
Q

What are the three possible fates of light, when coming into contact with a leaf

A

+ absorbed
+ transmitted
+ reflected

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14
Q

What are the three main photosynthetic pigments

A

+ chlorophyll a
+ chlorophyll b
+ the carotenoids

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15
Q

Describe the role of chlorophyll a

A

It absorbs blue and red colours of the visible spectrum, using their energy for photosynthesis

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16
Q

Describe the role of chlorophyll b

A

Same as chlorophyll a, but on a smaller scale

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17
Q

Describe the role of the carotenoids

A

Absorbe a wider range of light wave,entity’s and transfers the resultant energy to the chlorophylls

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18
Q

Why does chlorophyll have a green colour

A

As this is the one light wavelength that the pigments reflect instead of absorb

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19
Q

What is an action spectrum

A

A graph that shows the rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light, on the visible spectrum

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20
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

+ photolysis

+ the Calvin cycle

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21
Q

Describe photolysis:

A

1: light energy is absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments
2: this energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen
3: the hydrogen is accepted by NADP, creating NADPH
4: the oxygen is released
5: ATP is created from ADP + Pi

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22
Q

Describe the Calvin cycle

A

1: CO2 combines with RuBP to form 3PG, with the help of the RuBisCo enzyme
2: 3PG creates G3P
3: G3P synthesises Glucose, before regenerating RuBP
4: ATP and ADP+ Pi repeatedly form each other
5: NADP and NADPH repeatedly form each other

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23
Q

What are the 4 possible fates of glucose

A

+ produce energy in respiration
+ converted to starch for energy storage
+ converted to cellulose in cell walls
+ passed to other biosynthetic pathways

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24
Q

What is a plant field trial

A

An experimental investigation to test the effects of treatments, that occurs outside the laboratory (in the natural world)

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25
Q

What are the three requirements of a successful field trial

A

+ careful selection of treatments - increases validity
+ replication - increases reliability
+ randomisation - eliminates bias

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26
Q

What is selective breeding

A

When two parents with favourable alleles are bred together to produce advantageous offspring

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27
Q

What is outbreeding

A

When two unrelated members of a species mate

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28
Q

What is inbreeding

A

When two closely-related individuals mate

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29
Q

What is the result of inbreeding

A

The alleles of their offspring are more likely to be homozygous

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30
Q

What is inbreeding depression and what are its effects

A

When recessive alleles become homozygous and popular

Results in a loss of vigour, infertility or poor health

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31
Q

What is cross breeding

A

When organisms with different, but desirable, genotypes are mated

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32
Q

What is the produce of cross breeding

A

An F1 hybrid

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33
Q

What does an F1 hybrid display

A

Favourable alleles and hybrid vigour

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34
Q

Why must cross breeding parents be maintained

A

To allow F1 hybride to be repeatedly created, instead of the F2 hybrids - who have a wide range of genotypes that may be troublesome

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35
Q

How can desirable individuals be identified or created

A

Genomic sequencing and recombinant DNA technology

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36
Q

What are the three threats to crop growth

A

+ weeds
+ pests
+ pathogens

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37
Q

What are weeds

A

Plants that grow where they te not wanted and compete for resources

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38
Q

What is an annual weed

A

A weed that grows for one year, before dying and releasing a large amount of seeds

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39
Q

Give an example of an annual weed

A

Chickweed

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40
Q

Why is a perennial weed

A

A weed that suri des all year round, through their underground root storage, and can reproduce asexually.

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41
Q

Give an example of a perennial weed

A

Clover

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42
Q

What are pests and give an example

A

Small organisms that fed on crops, limiting their growth

An example of a crop pest is a slug

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43
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A vector that carries a plant disease, transmitting it to the crops in order to reduce their growth or kill them

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44
Q

What are the four control methods of weeds, pests and pathogens

A

+ cultural methods
+ pesticides
+ herbicides
+ biological controls

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45
Q

What are cultural methods

A

Traditional methods of crop growth promotion, that don’t require chemical substances. E.g. field ploughing

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46
Q

What are pesticides

A

Chemicals that kill pests or other unwanted organisms

47
Q

What is a selective pesticide

A

One that only kills certain pests, meaning the ecosystem can function normally

48
Q

What is a systemic pesticide

A

One that is taken up by a plant’s roots and transported to its tissues, killing pests that target certain areas of the plants

49
Q

What is a herbicide

A

A chemical that kills weeds or other unwanted plants

50
Q

What is a systemic herbicide

A

One that is applied to the soil, forcing the weeds to take it up and, subsequently, die

51
Q

What is a biological control

A

A natural predator, pathogen or parasite that kills the unwanted organisms, preventing them from harming the plants

52
Q

What is the term used to describe the use of biological controls, cultural controls and chemical controls

A

Integrated pest management (IPM)

53
Q

What is the process by which pesticides and herbicides build up in an animal’s tissue

A

Bioaccumulation

54
Q

What is the process by which the chemical concentration in an animal increases, as a food chain progresses

A

Biomagnification

55
Q

What are the five freedoms of animal welfare

A

Freedom from…

\+ hunger and thirst
\+ discomfort
\+ pain, injury and disease
\+ to express normal behaviour 
\+ fear and distress
56
Q

What is animal welfare

A

The consideration of an animal’s mental and physical wellbeing

57
Q

What are indicators of high animal welfare

A

Curiosity, alertness, play and interaction

58
Q

What are indicators of poor animal welfare

A

failure in sexual or parental behaviour, hysteria, apathy or stereotypy

59
Q

What is stereotypy

A

A repetitive behaviour that shows no obvious benefit or result

60
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship

A

An intimate relationship between two individuals of different species

61
Q

If individuals in a symbiotic relationship depend on one another and have spent a long time in this bond, they have…

A

Co-evolved

62
Q

What are two categories of symbiosis

A

+ parasitism

+ mutualism

63
Q

Describe parasitism

A

When one organism (the parasite) gains nutrients from another host organism - harming it in the process

64
Q

Why must parasites bind to high-energy organisms

A

As they have naturally low metabolisms

65
Q

Give an example of a parasitic relationship

A

Head lice and humans, as the lice feed off of the human individual’s blood

66
Q

Name the three ways that a parasite may be transferred between hosts

A

+ direct contact
+ release of resistant stages
+ use of a vector

67
Q

What is direct contact

A

When two host individuals come into physical contact with one another, allowing the parasite to transfer - whilst they are conjoined

68
Q

What are resistant stages

A

Period in the parasite’s lifecycle when it is resistant to certain extremities, such as heat or acidity.In addition, it may be able to survive out-with the host’s body - increasing the chance of transmission.

69
Q

What is a vector

A

An organism that a parasite uses to move between hosts, as it latches onto it.

70
Q

Give an example of a vector

A

The anopheles mosquito

This carries the malaria-causing plasmodium parasite between human hosts, injecting it into their bloodstream

71
Q

How can you tell if an organism is a parasite’s primary or secondary host

A

Primary host: The parasite can sexually reproduce within

Secondary host: The parasite undergoes reproduces asexually or through larval stages

72
Q

What is mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship, in which both involved individuals benefit - demonstrating interdependence.

73
Q

Give an example of mutualism

A

Coral polyps and zooxanthellae algae

The coral provides the algae with carbon dioxide and a nitrogen-rich environment. The algae produces carbohydrates for the coral - through photosynthesis

74
Q

What is the difference between DNA packaging in the nucleus and mitochondria/chloroplasts of eukaryotes

A

Nucleus = linear hormones, wrapped around histones

Mitochondria/chloroplast = circular chromosomes

75
Q

What is a social organism

A

One that lives in a group of related individuals

76
Q

Give two examples of complex group activities

A

Cooperative hunting - increases hunt success rate and share of food for members

Group defence - prevents predators from isolating members

77
Q

What is a social hierarchy

A

An unspoken ranking system that categories each group member by their importance and authority

78
Q

Give an example of a natural social hierarchy

A

The pecking order of domesticated hens

79
Q

What are high-ranking members known as, in the hierarchy

A

Dominant members

80
Q

What are low-ranking members known as, in the hierarchy

A

Subordinate members

81
Q

What is appeasement behaviour

A

The non-offensive behaviour displayed by subordinates, in an attempt to display their obedience to dominant members. For example, shoulder-shrugging and head-ducking.

82
Q

What is threat display behaviour

A

The offensive behaviour shown by dominant members, as they reinforce their authority over subordinates. For example, teeth baring and prolonged eye contact

83
Q

What are both appeasement and threat display known as

A

Ritualistic behaviours

84
Q

Why do members of social hierarchies carry out ritualistic behaviours

A

To reduce conflict and aggression

85
Q

What is an alliance

A

A group of subordinate individuals who join together, as to increases their status within the social hierarchy

86
Q

What is altruism

A

A social behaviour that benefits a recipient individual, but harms the donor. This decreases the survival chance of the donor, but boosts that of the recipient.

87
Q

What is the term used when the roles of altruism are later reversed

A

Reciprocal altruism

88
Q

What is kin selection

A

A form of altruism, where the donor helps a closely-related individual, in an attempt to increase the survival chance of their shared genes

89
Q

Give an example of kin selection

A

Vampire bats sharing blood meals with their kin

90
Q

Give an example of social insects

A

Bee colonies

91
Q

What is the role of a queen bee, within the hive

A

They produce a supply of unfertilised eggs

92
Q

What is the role of drones, within the hive

A

To fertilise the eggs that’s are laid by the queen bee

93
Q

What are the roles of worker bees, within the hive

A

+ to raise the queen’s offspring (kin selection)
+ to defend the hive
+ to find food and direct the hive towards it (waggle dance)

94
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The term used to describe the variation between all living organisms

95
Q

What are the three components of biodiversity

A

+ genetic diversity
+ species diversity
+ ecosystem diversity

96
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The measure of the number and frequency of different alleles in a certain population

97
Q

What are the two components of specie diversity

A

+ species richness

+ relative abundance

98
Q

What is species richness

A

The measure of the number of different species, within a certain ecosystem

99
Q

What is relative abundance

A

The proportion of each species in the ecosystem

100
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

The number of individuals ecosystems, within a defined area

101
Q

What is exploitation

A

The harvesting of natural resources at a sustainable rate, for the benefit of the harvester

102
Q

What is overexploitation

A

When the resource is harvested at a greater rate than it is replaced or reproduced, meaning the population begins to decrease in ice. This leads to extinction.

103
Q

What is a bottleneck effect

A

An event that causes a population to decrease in size considerably. This reduces the genetic diversity of the population, when they begin to reproduce again

104
Q

What is habitat fragmentation

A

The formation of several smaller habitats, from one large one - with the total area of the habitats equating to less than that of the original.

105
Q

What are the effects of habitat fragmentation

A

Species richness decreases, as there is less room to accommodate organisms

106
Q

What are habitat corridors and how do they counteract the effect of habitat fragmentation

A

Natural links that conjoin the separates habitats

This increases the access to food sources and possible mates, as well as laying a foundation for later reconstruction of the original habitat.

107
Q

What is a native species

A

One that naturally occurs in a particular ecosystem

108
Q

What is an introduced species

A

A non-native species, which enters an ecosystem by intentional or non-intentional human activity

109
Q

What is a naturalised species

A

A non-native species that establishes itself to the extent where it can reproduce species

110
Q

What is an invasive species

A

A naturalised species that spreads rapidly and eliminates native species

111
Q

What is the order of transformation, to create invasive species

A

Introduced —> Naturalised—> Invasive

112
Q

Why are invasive species so successful in their new habitats

A

+ no natural predators, pathogens or parasites

+ they outcompete native species for resources

113
Q

Give two examples of invasive species, within the UK

A

+ Giant hogweed

+ Japanese knotweed

Biology (9 decks)

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