Test 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of motor control and CNS maturation in gait development?
A
Adequate motor control and CNS maturation are critical for gait initiation, with the development of central pattern generators supporting basic locomotion.
2
Q
Why is adequate ROM and strength important for gait?
A
Sufficient range of motion and strength in the lower extremities are necessary for effective movement during the gait cycle.
3
Q
How does bone structure and composition affect gait?
A
Proper bone alignment and composition facilitate balance and joint movement during walking.
4
Q
What role does sensation and pelvic stabilization play in gait?
A
Sensation and muscle activation, especially around the pelvis, are necessary for maintaining stability and posture during gait.
5
Q
What are the key characteristics of mature gait in children aged 3+?
A
Characteristics include
- increased single-leg stance time
- higher walking velocity
- decreased cadence
- increased step length
6
Q
What are the characteristics of immature gait in children aged 2.5 and younger?
A
Immature gait has…
- reduced postural stability
- shorter single-leg stance time
- rapid cadence
- wide base of support
7
Q
Describe skeletal alignment changes in newborns.
A
Newborns typically exhibit genu varum (bowlegs) due to intrauterine positioning.
8
Q
What skeletal alignment changes occur at 6 months?
A
At 6 months, the legs begin to straighten, showing minimal genu varum.
9
Q
How does skeletal alignment develop by 18 months?
A
By 18 months, or 6 months after walking independently, the legs are generally straight.
10
Q
What alignment changes are seen in children aged 2.5 years to 4-6 years?
A
Between 2.5 and 4-6 years, genu valgum (knock-knees) develops, then alignment becomes straighter.
11
Q
How do body structure and proportions change during gait development?
A
Body proportions change, with limb length increasing relative to head size, improving balance and stability.
12
Q
What changes occur in base of support and stride length as gait matures?
A
The base of support narrows, and stride length increases as the child grows, leading to a more mature walking pattern.
13
Q
How does the center of mass (COM) change from newborn to older child?
A
COM is higher in the trunk for newborns and toddlers, lowering as the child grows, improving stability.
14
Q
What are the characteristics of gait from birth to 9 months?
A
Gait from birth to 9 months involves
- reciprocal kicking
- foot-to-foot contact
- changes in body proportions
15
Q
What are the gait characteristics observed between 9-15 months?
A
- wide BOS
- high COM
- small steps
- increased cadence
- muscle activity focused on stability
16
Q
What are the changes in body structure and alignment at 18-24 months?
A
At 18-24 months, legs are straight, hip abduction decreases, heel strike becomes consistent, and dynamic balance improves.
17
Q
Describe the gait characteristics in children aged 3-3.5 years.
A
Tibiofemoral angle becomes valgus, femoral anteversion decreases, and gait pattern matures but remains narrow.
18
Q
What are the key gait characteristics in children aged 6-7 years?
A
Gait is fully mature by age 7, with neutral tibiofemoral angles, decreased calcaneal eversion, and advanced postural control.
19
Q
How does postural control develop in relation to gait?
A
Postural control develops with righting reactions and refined balance, supporting stable walking.
20
Q
What is the role of visual and vestibular systems in gait development?
A
Visual and vestibular systems mature by age 10-12, enhancing balance and coordination during gait.
21
Q
At what age is gait considered fully mature?
A
Gait is considered fully mature around 7 years of age.
22
Q
What changes in muscle activity occur at 9-12 months during gait development?
A
Muscle activity increases in the lower extremities to support weight-bearing and postural control during walking.
23
Q
What is the impact of body fat to muscle ratio on beginner walkers?
A
Beginner walkers have a higher body fat to muscle ratio, which impacts their ability to develop efficient gait patterns.
24
Q
How does dynamic balance influence gait development in early walkers?
A
Dynamic balance is crucial for making postural adjustments during walking, improving as the child gains strength.
25
What are the key factors that limit gait development in infants?
Infants are limited by factors such as insufficient extensor strength, dynamic balance, and muscle coordination.
26
How do you correct for age in premature infants?
To correct for age, subtract the number of weeks the infant was born prematurely from their chronological age.
27
Provide an example of calculating corrected age for a premature infant.
Example: If an infant was born at 32 weeks (8 weeks premature) and is now 52 weeks old, their corrected age is 44 weeks.
28
What are the key differences between term and preterm infant development?
Term infants have better physiological flexion and developed reflexes, while preterm infants often have hypotonia and immature systems.
29
What are the primary characteristics of a Level III NICU?
Level III NICUs provide life support, full respiratory support, and manage critically ill infants under 32 weeks.
30
What are the primary characteristics and differences of a Level IV NICU?
Level IV NICUs offer all Level III capabilities plus complex surgeries and subspecialty care for severe cases.
31
What is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), and what are its symptoms?
BPD is a chronic lung condition in premature infants, characterized by rapid breathing, shortness of breath, and bluish skin.
32
What are the key PT considerations when working with infants with BPD?
PT considerations include reducing environmental stimulation, supporting respiration, and using gentle handling techniques.
33
What are the potential consequences of BPD on infant development?
BPD can lead to developmental delays, limited tolerance to physical activity, and prolonged hospitalization.
34
What are the key physiological differences in full-term infants compared to preterm infants?
Full-term infants exhibit physiological flexion, larger head-to-body ratio, and spontaneous movements compared to preterm infants.
35
What are the common characteristics of premature infants?
Premature infants often have hypotonia, underdeveloped reflexes, lanugo, and a lower body temperature.
36
What is the APGAR score, and what are its five components?
The APGAR score assesses newborn health based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
37
How is the APGAR score interpreted, and what do the scores indicate?
Scores 7-10 are normal; below 7 may indicate the need for medical intervention or monitoring.
38
What are some techniques to reduce pain and stress in neonates in the NICU?
Pain reduction techniques include dimming lights, swaddling, and using non-nutritive sucking methods.
39
What are the signs of stress in a neonate?
Signs of stress in neonates include color changes, grimacing, irregular breathing, and frantic movements.
40
What are the key principles of family-centered care in the NICU?
Family-centered care emphasizes involving families in decision-making and highlighting their strengths.
41
How does the L.E.A.R.N. model apply to family-centered care?
The L.E.A.R.N. model involves listening, eliciting the family's perspective, assessing needs, recommending actions, and negotiating care plans.
42
What cultural aspects should be considered in family-centered care in the NICU?
Cultural aspects include respecting the family’s beliefs, communicating openly, and adapting care to meet cultural needs.
43
What is the definition of a reflex?
A reflex is an involuntary motor response to a sensory stimulus originating from the brainstem and occurring without conscious thought.
44
What is the purpose of neonatal reflexes?
The purpose of neonatal reflexes includes protection (e.g., Moro reflex), nutrition (e.g., sucking and rooting reflexes), and survival.
45
How are neonatal reflexes tested?
Neonatal reflexes are tested by stimulating specific areas to observe automatic responses.
46
What is the expected response when testing primitive reflexes?
The expected response for primitive reflexes varies but typically includes specific automatic movements or postural adjustments.
47
What is the typical onset and integration timing for primitive reflexes?
Primitive reflexes usually have specific onset and integration times, helping to assess neurological development.
48
What is the Moro Reflex (Startle Reflex) and its function?
The Moro Reflex is a startle response that helps infants react to sudden stimuli like loud noises or falling.
49
What is the Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) and its function?
The Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) causes the infant to turn their head to one side, extending the arm on that side while flexing the opposite arm.
50
What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) and its function?
The Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) assists in postural control and helps the infant achieve a quadruped position essential for crawling.
51
What is the Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR) and its function?
The Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR) supports the development of muscle tone and postural control in prone and supine positions.
52
What is the Landau Reflex and its role in development?
The Landau Reflex is observed when an infant held in a horizontal position lifts their head, extending their legs and trunk.
53
What is the Babinski Reflex and its typical response in infants?
The Babinski Reflex involves the big toe extending upward while the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked.
54
What is the impact of a retained Moro Reflex on motor development?
A retained Moro Reflex can lead to motion sickness, poor balance in sitting, and decreased protective responses.
55
What challenges can arise if the Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) is retained?
If the ATNR is retained, it can cause delays in hand-eye coordination, difficulty bringing hands to midline, and poor bilateral development.
56
How does the retention of the Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR) affect motor skills?
Retention of the TLR can result in difficulties with initiating rolling, propping on elbows, and balance in sitting or standing.
57
What are the effects of a retained Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) on movement?
A retained STNR can cause issues with posture, such as 'W' sitting, and challenges in transitioning to quadruped position.
58
What motor development issues can result from a retained Landau Reflex?
Retained Landau Reflex may cause poor muscle tone, chronic back and neck pain, and difficulty with hopping and jumping.
59
How does a retained Babinski Reflex impact gait and balance?
A retained Babinski Reflex can impact gait, causing a person to walk on the outside of their feet, leading to balance issues.
60
How do reflexes support the early stages of motor development?
Reflexes play a foundational role in initiating movement patterns, supporting postural control, and facilitating coordination and balance.
61
What is the definition of family-centered care?
Family-centered care is a philosophy recognizing that families play a vital role in the health and well-being of children, focusing on empowering families and incorporating their values into care.
62
What are the key principles of family-centered care in pediatric physical therapy?
Key principles include involving the family in decision-making, building on their strengths, and promoting collaboration between healthcare providers and families.
63
What is the L.E.A.R.N. model in family-centered care?
The L.E.A.R.N. model is a framework that guides healthcare professionals in providing family-centered care by focusing on listening, eliciting, assessing, recommending, and negotiating with families.
64
What does the 'Listen' component of the L.E.A.R.N. model involve?
The 'Listen' component involves actively listening to the family's concerns and understanding their perspective without interrupting.
65
What does the 'Elicit' component of the L.E.A.R.N. model involve?
The 'Elicit' component focuses on understanding the family's beliefs, expectations, and goals for their child's care.
66
What do the 'Assess' and 'Recommend' components of the L.E.A.R.N. model entail?
The 'Assess' component evaluates the situation and needs, while the 'Recommend' component proposes a care plan with clear explanations.
67
What does the 'Negotiate' component of the L.E.A.R.N. model involve?
The 'Negotiate' component involves collaborating with the family to agree on a care plan that considers their preferences and input.
68
Why are cultural awareness, desire, and knowledge important in family-centered care?
Cultural awareness, desire, and knowledge help healthcare providers understand and respect a family's values, beliefs, and practices in care decisions.
69
How can cultural skills be applied in family-centered care?
Cultural skills involve asking appropriate questions, listening without judgment, and adapting care to be culturally relevant for each family.
70
What are typical family responses to disability and illness in a child?
Families often experience a range of emotions including shock, denial, guilt, and grief when faced with a child's disability or illness.
71
What factors influence a family's response to their child's condition?
Factors influencing a family's response include past experiences, cultural beliefs, support systems, and perceptions of illness or disability.
72
What recent changes have occurred in pediatric care, emphasizing family-centered care?
Recent changes in pediatric care include a shift toward a family-centered approach, emphasizing natural environments and active family involvement.
73
What are the three primary germ layers in embryonic development?
The three primary germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
74
What does each germ layer develop into?
The ectoderm develops into the nervous system and skin, the mesoderm into muscles and bones, and the endoderm into the digestive and respiratory systems.
75
Why are the germ layers significant in embryonic development?
Germ layers are significant because they give rise to all tissues and organs of the body.
76
What are the stages of embryo development from ovulation to implantation?
Embryo development stages include ovulation, fertilization, zygote formation, cell division, and implantation.
77
What is the role of the blastocyst, and what are its components?
The blastocyst consists of the inner cell mass (forms the embryo) and trophoblast (forms the placenta).
78
What is the importance of the bilaminar and trilaminar disc in development?
The bilaminar disc transitions to a trilaminar disc, forming the three primary germ layers essential for further development.
79
What is the significance of the notochord and the process of neurulation?
The notochord guides the formation of the neural tube, which eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord.
80
What are the critical periods in embryonic and fetal development?
The critical periods in development are the embryonic period (first 8 weeks) and fetal period (weeks 9-38).
81
Why is it important to avoid teratogens during these critical periods?
Exposure to teratogens during critical periods can lead to significant birth defects or developmental issues.
82
What role does folic acid play in neural tube development?
Folic acid is crucial for preventing neural tube defects like spina bifida and aiding in proper neural tube closure.
83
What is the process of neural tube formation, and when does it occur?
Neural tube formation begins with the neural plate, folding into the neural groove, and then closing to form the tube by the end of week 4.
84
What are the consequences of neural tube defects, and how can they be prevented?
Neural tube defects can cause conditions like spina bifida; taking folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent these defects.
85
What is the role of the mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm in development?
The ectoderm forms the nervous system and skin, the mesoderm forms muscles and the circulatory system, and the endoderm forms the digestive and respiratory systems.
86
What happens in the development of major organs by 8 weeks?
By 8 weeks, all major organs have started to form, making this a crucial stage for avoiding harmful substances.
87
Why is the early development of the heart significant in embryology?
The heart starts beating by day 22-28, providing necessary circulation for the developing embryo.
88
What is the importance of folic acid for neural development?
Folic acid supports the development of the brain and spinal cord by ensuring proper neural tube closure.
89
How can drugs or alcohol impact development during early pregnancy?
Drugs or alcohol during early pregnancy can disrupt organ formation and lead to developmental defects or growth issues.
90
Which germ layers give rise to different body systems?
The ectoderm develops into the nervous system and skin, the mesoderm into muscles, bones, and the cardiovascular system, and the endoderm into the digestive and respiratory systems.
91
How does the axial skeleton develop from the germ layers?
The axial skeleton develops through the process of ossification, starting with the formation of the notochord, followed by vertebral and rib development.
92
How does the muscular system develop from the germ layers?
The muscular system arises from the mesoderm, with differentiation into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles during development.
93
When does ossification begin and end in the axial skeleton?
Ossification begins around the 6th or 7th week of embryonic development and continues until about age 25.
94
What are the key characteristics of achondroplasia?
Achondroplasia is a genetic condition characterized by short stature, large skull, and spinal curvature, primarily affecting long bones.
95
What is the difference between pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum?
Pectus excavatum is a sunken chest wall deformity, while pectus carinatum is a protruding sternum, both impacting physical appearance.
96
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and how does it progress?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder causing progressive muscle wasting, with onset in early childhood and progression to loss of ambulation by adolescence.
97
What are the characteristics and progression of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is characterized by degeneration of motor neurons, with varying severity depending on the type, affecting motor function and respiratory health.
98
What are the key features of limb development, including conditions like clubfoot and congenital hip dysplasia?
Limb development can be affected by conditions like clubfoot, where the foot is twisted inward, and congenital hip dysplasia, where the hip joint is improperly formed.
99
What is the development timeline of the heart in embryology?
The heart begins to develop and starts beating between days 22-28 of embryonic development, essential for circulation.
100
What is the significance of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in the cardiovascular system?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, leading to abnormal blood circulation.
101
What role does surfactant play in respiratory system development?
Surfactant reduces surface tension in the lungs, preventing alveolar collapse and aiding in proper lung function, especially in preterm infants.
102
What is hydrocephalus and how does it relate to CNS development?
Hydrocephalus is a condition of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, causing increased pressure and requiring shunt placement for management.
103
What are the key milestones in eye development and related conditions?
Eye development milestones include the formation of optic structures, eyelid fusion, and the maturation of the pupillary reflex.
104
What are the significant points in ear development and causes of congenital hearing loss?
Ear development includes the formation of structures like the cochlea and pinna, with congenital hearing loss caused by genetic or environmental factors.
